Compositions for reduction of side effects

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides drug therapy formulations. In some embodiments, the present invention provides combinations of pharmaceutical agents (e.g., stimulant and non-stimulant), pharmaceutical formulations (e.g., nanoparticualte, non-nanoparticualte, etc.), and release profiles (e g, immediate release, delayed release, sustained release, etc.) to provide therapeutic benefit with reduced side effects.

This application claims priority to provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/550,119, filed Oct. 21, 2011 and provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/609,590 filed Mar. 12, 2012, and is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/093,662, filed Apr. 25, 2011, which claims priority to provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/327,486, filed Apr. 23, 2010 and provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/369,338 filed Jul. 30, 2010, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides drug therapy formulations. In some embodiments, the present invention provides combinations of pharmaceutical agents (e.g., stimulant and non-stimulant), pharmaceutical formulations (e.g., nanoparticualte, non-nanoparticualte, etc.), and release profiles (e.g., immediate release, delayed release, sustained release, etc.) to provide therapeutic benefit with reduced side effects.

BACKGROUND

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood mental disorders. Children with ADHD have impaired functioning in multiple settings, including home and school. The adverse effects can last into adolescence and adulthood. Since schools do not encourage medication administration during school hours, most children are given once daily stimulants such as Vyvanse & Adderall XR (amphetamine based), Focalin XR, or Concerta (methylphenidate based). However the activity of the once daily stimulants lasts well into the evening hours leading to significant side effects such as appetite suppression and weight loss as well as insomnia and gastro intestinal pain. These are described in detail on the FDA approved labels for these drugs. Non-stimulants such as Intuniv (guanfacine) and Strattera (atomoxetine) at higher doses lead to significant side effects such as cardiovascular effects such as hypertension as well as somnolence.

Drug side effects, including difficulty sleeping, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain, are a significant medical issue. Insomnia, difficulty falling asleep, or difficulty remaining asleep can result in problem sleepiness, which impairs the health, quality of life and safety of those affected. Appetite disorders, such as loss of appetite, can cause reduced energy, health, quality of life, and can cause additional downstream nutritional deficiencies. Abdominal pain can greatly reduce the quality of life for a patient, and greatly reduce compliance with a therapy regimen. Another ADHD drug-related side effect includes exacerbation of tics, particularly for children with underlying disorders that may cause tics. Also, children and adolescents using high doses of stimulant drugs may have slowed or stunted growth. Drug side effects often become more pronounced as drug dosages are increased to achieve longer lasting benefits.

Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is commonly treated with stimulants (e.g. norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g. amphetamines, methylphenidate, etc.)). In order to provide sufficient therapeutic benefit throughout the day, a large dose morning dose is commonly administered. Such large doses of stimulants are frequently associated with significant side effects, including insomnia, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. Children administered large doses of stimulants can also experience slowed or reduced growth resulting in diminished height. Children, who commonly suffer from ADHD, are particularly susceptible to disruption of sleep and/or eating habits and the additional downstream consequences thereof.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Administration of conventional therapeutically effective doses of stimulants for the treatment of ADHD, ADHD symptoms, or similar conditions and disorders can result in numerous adverse side effects for the patient. These side effects include: appetite suppression (e.g., caused by long acting once-daily stimulants or twice daily administrations of stimulant) which can lead to weight loss, insomnia, stunted growth in adolescent and pediatric populations (e.g., caused by long-term use of high dose stimulants), and gastro-intestinal pain (e.g., caused by the enteric release of stimulants (e.g., high dose stimulants)) in the intestine. Likewise, conventional therapeutically effective dose of non-stimulants for treatment of ADHD symptoms can result in cardiovascular issues. Other issues with current stimulant ADHD treatments include slow absorption and onset of action. The present invention provides compositions, formulations, and methods for effectively treating ADHD symptoms while reducing adverse side effects via a variety of alternative or complementary approaches, for example: the daily stimulant dose is reduced by delivering stimulant between 0 and 7 hours post-administration and having very low levels of the stimulant in the blood by 12 hours post-administration, delivering stimulant between 0 and 7 hours post-administration along with non-stimulant from 2-14 hours post-administration to offset pharmacologically the stimulant insomnia, not releasing stimulant in the intestine, releasing only a low dose of stimulant in the intestine along with peppermint oil, and providing only a low dose of non-stimulant. The present invention also addresses the above issues through nanoparticulate formulation of stimulant resulting in rapid onset of action and/or earlier clearance of stimulant post-administration. The above embodiments are exemplary; other embodiments are described in the Summary below and in the Detailed Description.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising: (a) an amount of norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor stimulant that is subtherapeutic for once daily administration; and (b) an amount of alpha adrenergic agonist non stimulant that is subtherapeutic for once daily administration; wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for sequential release of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor stimulant and the alpha adrenergic agonist non stimulant, and wherein sequential release of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor stimulant and the alpha adrenergic agonist non stimulant provides therapeutic effectiveness for once daily administration. In some embodiments, the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor stimulant is formulated to begin release upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor stimulant is formulated for release between 0 and 2 hours post-administration. In some embodiments, the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor stimulant is nanoparticulate formulated. In some embodiments, the alpha adrenergic agonist non stimulant is coated for enteric release. In some embodiments, the alpha adrenergic agonist non stimulant is formulated for release between 2 and 9 hours post-administration. In some embodiments, the amount of norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor stimulant is at least 20% less (e.g., >20% less, >30% less, >40% less, >50% less) than a therapeutic formulation. In some embodiments, the amount of alpha adrenergic agonist non stimulant is at least 20% less (e.g., >20% less, >30% less, >40% less, >50% less) than a therapeutic formulation. In some embodiments, the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor stimulant is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the alpha adrenergic agonist non stimulant is selected from Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating ADHD by administering one or the above pharmaceutical compositions of to a subject, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered once per day to the subject.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating ADHD symptoms while reducing adverse stimulant-related side effects by administering a once-daily pharmaceutical composition containing an otherwise subtherapeutic dose of a stimulant pharmaceutical agent, the pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) a nanoparticulate formulated stimulant; (b) stimulant formulated for early or immediate release; (c) both stimulant pharmaceutical agent and non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent; or (d) a combination of two or more of (a), (b), and (c). In some embodiments, the adverse stimulant-related side effects comprise appetite suppression. In some embodiments, the appetite suppression manifests as weight loss in a subject. In some embodiments, the adverse stimulant-related side effects comprise insomnia. In some embodiments, the adverse stimulant-related side effects comprise stunted growth of a subject.

In some embodiments, present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions for treating ADHD symptoms with a once-daily stimulant pharmaceutical agent while reducing gastrointestinal adverse side effects comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) an immediate- or early-release pharmaceutical formulation comprising an amount of stimulant pharmaceutical agent that is subtherapeutic for once daily administration; and (b) a delayed-release pharmaceutical formulation comprising: (i) a non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent, an amount of stimulant pharmaceutical agent that is subtherapeutic for once daily administration, and peppermint oil; (ii) a non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent and peppermint oil; or (iii) a non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent. In some embodiments, the immediate- or early-release pharmaceutical formulation provides release between 0 and 2 hours post-administration. In some embodiments, the immediate- or early-release pharmaceutical formulation comprises nanoparticulate formulation. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmaceutical agent formulated for immediate- or early-release is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the amount of stimulant pharmaceutical agent in the immediate- or early-release pharmaceutical formulation is about 5-15 mg. In some embodiments, the delayed-release pharmaceutical formulation provides release between 2 and 9 hours post-administration. In some embodiments, the delayed-release is provided by an enteric coating coated. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent selected from Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine. In some embodiments, the delayed-release pharmaceutical formulation comprises about 1-4 mg of non-stimulant. In some embodiments, the delayed-release pharmaceutical formulation comprises amount of stimulant pharmaceutical agent that is subtherapeutic for once daily administration, wherein the amount is about 3-8 mg.

In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmaceutical agent is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating ADHD by administering one or the above pharmaceutical compositions of to a subject, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered once per day to the subject.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides rapid onset stimulant pharmaceutical formulations comprising nanoparticulate formulated stimulant and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the amount of stimulant pharmaceutical agent is subtherapeutic for once daily administration. In some embodiments, the amount of stimulant pharmaceutical agent is at least 20% less than a therapeutic formulation. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmaceutical agent is formulated for release between 0 and 2 hours post-administration. In some embodiments, the particles in the nanoparticulate formulation are less than 1000 microns in diameter. In some embodiments, the nanoparticulate formulation has a mean nanoparticle diameter of 100-500 nm. In some embodiments, present invention provides methods of treating ADHD by administering a rapid onset stimulant pharmaceutical composition to a subject.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions for extended duration of treatment of ADHD symptoms comprising: (a) an immediate- or early-release pharmaceutical formulation comprising an amount of stimulant pharmaceutical agent that is subtherapeutic for once daily administration; and (b) a delayed-release pharmaceutical formulation comprising a non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent. In some embodiments, the immediate- or early-release pharmaceutical formulation provides release between 0 and 2 hours post-administration. In some embodiments, the immediate- or early-release pharmaceutical formulation comprises nanoparticulate formulation. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmaceutical agent formulated for immediate- or early-release is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the amount of stimulant pharmaceutical agent in the immediate- or early-release pharmaceutical formulation is about 5-15 mg. In some embodiments, the delayed-release pharmaceutical formulation provides release between 2 and 9 hours post-administration. In some embodiments, the delayed-release is provided by an enteric coating coated. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent selected from Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine. In some embodiments, the delayed-release pharmaceutical formulation comprises about 1-4 mg of non-stimulant. In some embodiments, the delayed-release pharmaceutical formulation further comprises a second amount of stimulant pharmaceutical agent that is subtherapeutic for once daily administration. In some embodiments, the second amount of stimulant pharmaceutical agent is about 3-8 mg. In some embodiments, the second amount of stimulant pharmaceutical agent is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, methods are provided for treating ADHD by administering one or the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions to a subject, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered once per day to the subject.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for producing an amphetamine nanoparticulate formulation comprising: (a) forming a mixture of amphetamine and one or more vehicles; (b) milling the mixture; and (c) drying the mixture. In some embodiments, the amphetamine comprises l-amphetamine, d-amphetamine. In some embodiments, the particles in the amphetamine nanoparticulate formulation are less than 1000 microns in diameter. In some embodiments, the amphetamine nanoparticulate formulation has a mean nanoparticle diameter of 100-500 nm.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a stimulant pharmaceutical agent and a non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent, wherein the upon administration to a subject, the pharmaceutical composition provides a plasma concentration profile comprising a stimulant maximum between 0 and 2 hours post-administration and a non-stimulant maximum between 2 and 9 hours post-administration. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the stimulant pharmaceutical agent is nanoparticulate formulated. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmaceutical agent is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the stimulant maximum between 0 and 2 hours post-administration is the effect of about 5-15 mg of the stimulant pharmaceutical agent. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent is enterically coated. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent is selected from Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine. In some embodiments, the plasma concentration profile comprises a second stimulant maximum between 2 and 7 hours post-administration. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmaceutical agent that gives rise to the second stimulant maximum is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the second stimulant maximum between 2 and 7 hours post-administration is the effect of about 3-8 mg of stimulant pharmaceutical agent. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmaceutical agent that gives rise to the second stimulant maximum is enterically coated. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating ADHD symptoms in a subject comprising administering one of the above pharmaceutical compositions to the subject.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a stimulant pharmacologic agent (e.g., agent for treatment of ADHD or other psychiatric conditions) and a non-stimulant pharmacologic agent for treatment of ADHD (e.g., agent for treatment of ADHD or other psychiatric conditions), wherein the stimulant pharmacologic agent and the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent are formulated for release according to separate schedules. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to begin release upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to release over the course of 0.15 (or less) to 6 hours (e.g., 0.15-6 hours, 0.1-5 hours, 0.15-2 hours, 0.15-3 hours, 0.15-4 hours, 0.5-6 hours, etc.), although the invention is not limited to this particular range. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the stimulant pharmaceutical agent is coated for enteric release. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to release over the course of 0.15 to 14 (e.g., 0.15-14 hours, 0.3-14 hours, 0.3-12 hours, 0.5-10 hours, 0.5-14 hours, 0.15-8 hours, etc.), although the invention is not limited to this particular range. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to begin release upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated for delayed release. In some embodiments, delayed release comprises release beginning 3 to 6 hours after administration to a subject. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent is coated for enteric release. In some such embodiments, after an enteric coating is removed, the non-stimulant is immediately released. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition further comprises an agent to reduce abdominal pain. In some embodiments, the agent to reduce abdominal pain is coated for enteric release. In some embodiments, the agent to reduce abdominal pain comprises peppermint oil.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a stimulant pharmacologic agent for treatment of ADHD, wherein the stimulant pharmacologic agent is provided in a nanoparticulate formulation (e.g. for enhanced bioavailability, fast action, for controlled release, etc.). In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a non-stimulant pharmacologic agent for treatment of ADHD, wherein the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is provided in a nanoparticulate formulation (e.g. for enhanced bioavailability, for controlled release, etc.). In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a stimulant pharmacologic agent for treatment of ADHD and a non-stimulant pharmacologic agent for treatment of ADHD, wherein the stimulant pharmacologic agent is provided in a nanoparticulate formulation, wherein the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is provided in a nanoparticulate formulation, or wherein both the stimulant pharmacologic agent and non-stimulant pharmacologic agent are provided in a nanoparticulate formulation, and wherein the stimulant pharmacologic agent and the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent are formulated for release according to separate schedules. In one or more embodiments, pharmacologic agents administered in a nanoparticulate formulation are further formulated for administration via other formulation methods described herein (e.g. co-administration, enteric coating, controlled release, delayed release, immediate release, etc.). In some embodiments, a stimulant pharmacologic agent and/or non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is complexed to one or more compounds comprising a nanoparticle (e.g. to enhance bioavailability, to provide slower release of therapeutic, etc.). In some embodiments, a stimulant pharmacologic agents and/or non-stimulant pharmacologic agents are encapsulated within nanoparticles. It is contemplated that use of nanoparticulate formulations permits further reduction in the dosage of one or more active agents to achieve an efficacious dose with fewer or reduced side effects.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a first pharmacologic agent (e.g., stimulant) and a second pharmaceutical agent, wherein the first pharmaceutical agent is formulated as a nanoparticulate and the second pharmaceutical agent is not formulated as a nanoparticulate. In some embodiments, the first pharmacologic agent is a stimulant and the second pharmaceutical agent is a non-stimulant. In some embodiments, the first pharmacologic agent is a stimulant and the second pharmaceutical agent is a stimulant. In some embodiments, the first pharmacologic agent is a non-stimulant and the second pharmaceutical agent is a non-stimulant. In some embodiments, the first pharmacologic agent and the second pharmaceutical agent are the same agents (e.g., same pharmaceutical compounds). In some embodiments, the first pharmacologic agent and the second pharmaceutical agent are formulated differently (e.g., nanoparticulate formulation, slow-release formulation, etc.).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a first pharmaceutical formulation and a second pharmaceutical formulation, wherein the first pharmaceutical formulation comprises one or more pharmaceutical agents formulated as a nanoparticulate, and the a second pharmaceutical formulation comprises one or more pharmaceutical agents formulated for slow-release. In some embodiments, the first pharmaceutical formulation and second pharmaceutical formulation comprise the same pharmaceutical agents. In some embodiments, the first pharmaceutical formulation and second pharmaceutical formulation comprise the different pharmaceutical agents. In some embodiments, the first pharmaceutical formulation comprises one or more stimulant pharmaceuticals. In some embodiments, the first pharmaceutical formulation comprises one or more non-stimulant pharmaceuticals. In some embodiments, the second pharmaceutical formulation comprises one or more stimulant pharmaceuticals. In some embodiments, the second pharmaceutical formulation comprises one or more non-stimulant pharmaceuticals. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical agents in the first formulation are formulated for rapid-release upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical agents in the second formulation are formulated for slow-release upon administration to a subject.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a stimulant pharmaceutical agent formulated as a nanoparticulate. In some embodiments, the formulation permits fast action of the stimulant (e.g., biological activity and/or onset of absorption in less than 15 minutes, less than 10 minutes, less than 5 minutes, less than 2 minutes) and/or such that activity (and associated side effects, such as sleeplessness) are diminished after a desirable period of time (e.g., before, for example, 10 hours, 8 hours, 6 hours, or 4 hours after administration).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides nanoparticle compositions comprising one or more pharmaceutical agents (e.g., stimulant, non-stimulant, etc.). In some embodiments, the present invention provides nanoparticle compositions comprising one or more stimulant pharmaceuticals, for example, amphetamine (e.g., Adderall, Adderal XR, Adderal IR, etc.), methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin, Methylin, Ritalin SR, Metadate ER, Methylin, Methylin ER, Concerta, Metadate CD, Ritalin LA, etc.), dexmethylphanidate (e.g., Focalin, Focalin XR, etc.) (See U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,944, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), lisdexamfetamine (e.g., Vyvanse), etc. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical comprise a single enantiomer of a stimulant agnet. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of less than about 10 μm (e.g., <10 μm, <5 μm, <2 μm, <1 μm, <500 nm, <200 nm, <100 nm, <50 nm, <20 nm, <10 nm, etc.). In some embodiments, a plurality of pharmaceutical nanoparticulates have a mean diameter of less than about 10 μm (e.g., <10 μm, <5 μm, <2 μm, <1 μm, <500 nm, <200 nm, <100 nm, <50 nm, <20 nm, <10 nm, etc.). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 500 nm. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 400 nm. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 300 nm. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 200 nm. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 100 nm. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 100-500 nm.

In some embodiments, methods are provided for the production of pharmaceutical nanoparticles. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticles are produced through one or more steps, including, but not limited to milling and drying. In some embodiments, milling comprises roller milling, spindle milling, or any suitable alternative (e.g., other form of milling, alternative to milling, etc.). In some embodiments, milling of one or more pharmaceutical agents is performed in the presence of one or more solvents (e.g., milling vehicles). In some embodiments, suitable solvents for milling minimize salvation of the pharmaceutical agent(s). In some embodiments, suitable solvents for milling are volatile. In some embodiments, suitable solvents for milling include, but are not limited to ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, hexanes, and cyclomethicone. Methods of making nanoparticulate compositions are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,187 for “Method of Grinding Pharmaceutical Substances;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,388 for “Continuous Method of Grinding Pharmaceutical Substances;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,999 for “Method of Grinding Pharmaceutical Substances;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,331 for “Co-Microprecipitation of Nanoparticulate Pharmaceutical Agents with Crystal Growth Modifiers;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,662,883 for “Co-Microprecipitation of Nanoparticulate Pharmaceutical Agents with Crystal Growth Modifiers;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,560,932 for “Microprecipitation of Nanoparticulate Pharmaceutical Agents;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,133 for “Process of Preparing X-Ray Contrast Compositions Containing Nanoparticles;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,270 for “Method of Preparing Stable Drug Nanoparticles;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,118 for “Process of Preparing Therapeutic Compositions Containing Nanoparticles;” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,583 for “Method of Preparing Nanoparticle Compositions Containing Charged Phospholipids to Reduce Aggregation,” all of which are specifically incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, drying of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is performed by any suitable method (e.g., air drying, vacuum drying, lyophilization, etc.). In some embodiments, milling and or drying is followed by one or more additional steps including but not limited to sonication.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an agent to deter abuse of said pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, an agent to deter abuse comprises a nasal and/or mucosal irritant, polymer composition, and/or emetic compound.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides method of treating ADHD (or a similar psychiatric condition or a condition exhibiting similar symptoms) in a subject by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nanoparticulate formulation of l-amphetamine and d-amphetamine. In some embodiments, the present invention provides method of treating ADHD (or a similar psychiatric condition or a condition exhibiting similar symptoms) in a subject by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nanoparticulate formulation of amphetamine (e.g., Adderall). In some embodiments, the present invention provides method of treating ADHD (or a similar psychiatric condition or a condition exhibiting similar symptoms) in a subject by co-administering: (a) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nanoparticulate formulation of l-amphetamine and d-amphetamine, and (b) a second pharmaceutical agent to the subject. In some embodiments, the present invention provides method of treating ADHD (or a similar psychiatric condition or a condition exhibiting similar symptoms) in a subject by co-administering: (a) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nanoparticulate formulation of amphetamine (e.g., Adderall), and (b) a second pharmaceutical agent to the subject. In some embodiments, the second pharmaceutical agent is formulated for delayed release. In some embodiments, the second pharmaceutical agent is coated for enteric release. In some embodiments, the second pharmaceutical agent is a non-stimulant. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant is selected from Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine. In some embodiments, the second pharmaceutical agent is a stimulant.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for producing a nanoparticulate formulation of I-amphetamine and d-amphetamine comprising: (a) forming a mixture of l-amphetamine, d-amphetamine, and one or more vehicles; (b) milling said mixture; and (c) drying said mixture. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for producing a nanoparticulate formulation of amphetamine (e.g., Adderall) comprising: (a) forming a mixture of amphetamine (e.g., Adderall) and one or more vehicles; (b) milling said mixture; and (c) drying said mixture. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles produced have a mean nanoparticle diameter of less than 500 nm. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles produced have a mean nanoparticle diameter of less than 250 nm.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a first nanoparticulate formulation and a second non-nanoparticulate formulation, wherein the nanoparticulate formulation comprises one or more stimulants and the non-nanoparticulate formulation comprises one or more non-stimulant pharmaceutical agents. In some embodiments, the one or more stimulants comprise l-amphetamine and d-amphetamine. In some embodiments, the one or more stimulants comprises Adderall. In some embodiments, the one or more stimulants comprises Focalin. In some embodiments, the mean nanoparticle diameter of the nanoparticulate formulation is less than 500 nm. In some embodiments, the mean nanoparticle diameter of the nanoparticulate formulation is less than 250 nm. In some embodiments, one of the one or more non-stimulants and selected from Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine.

In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulations provide rapid release of a therapeutic (e.g., stimulant, amphetamine, Adderall, Focalin, etc.). In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulations provide immediate release of a therapeutic (e.g., stimulant, amphetamine, Adderall, etc.). In some embodiments, rapid and/or immediate release of a therapeutic into a subject in less than 1 hour after administration (e.g., <1 hour . . . <30 minutes . . . <15 minutes . . . <10 minutes . . . <5 minutes . . . <1 minute, or faster). In some embodiments, rapid and/or immediate release of a therapeutic into a subject in less than 30 minutes after administration (e.g., <30 minutes . . . <15 minutes . . . <10 minutes . . . <5 minutes . . . <1 minute, or faster). In some embodiments, rapid and/or immediate release of a therapeutic into a subject in less than 15 minutes after administration (e.g., <15 minutes . . . <10 minutes . . . <5 minutes . . . <1 minute, or faster). In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulations are configured for dissolving in the mouth (e.g., tablet, strip, gel, etc.) and provide rapid drug (e.g., stimulant, amphetamine, Adderall, Focalin, etc.) release into the oral mucosa. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulations configured for fast onset dose (e.g., when fast onset is necessary, in addition to current therapy where control of symptoms, disorder, disease, condition, etc. (e.g., ADHD) is insufficient, etc.). In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulations of stimulant or non-stimulant provide very fast drug release (e.g., <30 minutes, <15 minutes, or less) and absorption compared to the non-nanoparticulate formulations. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulations of stimulant or non-stimulant are administered with a suitable slow release component to provide once daily dosing. In some embodiments, a stimulant or non-stimulant nanoparticulate formulation is coadministered in a 0.1 to 50% mixture with non-nanoparticulate slow release formulation. In some embodiments, a nanoparticulate formulation allows for lower dosing compared to non-nanoparticulate formulations. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulations are provided with particle size below 1000 micron.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a nanoparticulate formulation of a stimulant pharmacologic agent. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to begin release upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated for release within 30 minutes of administration. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated for release within 15 minutes of administration. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to begin immediate release upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the nanoparticulate formulation comprises particles of less than 1000 microns in diameter (e.g., <500 nm, <250 nm, <100 nm). In some embodiments, the particles in said nanoparticulate formulation are all less than 1000 microns in diameter (e.g., <500 nm, <250 nm, <100 nm). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is provided in a dosage as a tablet, capsule, orally-disintegrating formulation, pill, powder, solution, elixir, syrup, suspension, lozenge, or spray. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an orally disintegrating tablet formulation. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease, disorder, or condition by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a rapid-release nanoparticulate formulation of a stimulant pharmacologic agent.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a rapid-release nanoparticulate formulation of a stimulant pharmacologic agent and a non-nanoparticulate formulated therapeutic. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the non-nanoparticulate formulated therapeutic is a stimulant. In some embodiments, the non-nanoparticulate formulated therapeutic is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the non-nanoparticulate formulated therapeutic is a non-stimulant. In some embodiments, the non-nanoparticulate formulated therapeutic is a non-stimulant selected from Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated for delayed release. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated for slow release. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is coated for enteric release. In some embodiments, the composition is provided in a dosage as a tablet, capsule, orally-disintegrating tablets, pill, powder, solution, elixir, syrup, suspension, lozenge, or spray. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease, disorder, or condition by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a rapid-release nanoparticulate formulation of a stimulant pharmacologic agent and a non-nanoparticulate formulated therapeutic.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising dose of a stimulant pharmacologic agent that is 20% lower than a standard dose for the stimulant, wherein the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated as a nanoparticulate, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated as a orally disintegrating tablet, and wherein onset of therapeutic action of the stimulant pharmacologic agent is within 30 minutes of oral administration to a subject.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating attention deficit hyperactive disorder by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising dose of a stimulant pharmacologic agent that is 20% lower than a standard dose for the stimulant, wherein the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated as a nanoparticulate, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated as a orally disintegrating tablet, and wherein onset of therapeutic action of the stimulant pharmacologic agent is within 30 minutes of oral administration to a subject.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides controlled sequential-release pharmaceutical compositions comprising: (a) a 50% lower than standard dose of a stimulant pharmacologic agent, wherein the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated as a nanoparticulate, wherein onset of therapeutic action of the stimulant pharmacologic agent is within 30 minutes of oral administration to a subject, and wherein therapeutic levels of the stimulant pharmacologic agent are maintained in the subject for 8 hours post; and (b) 50% lower than standard dose of a non-stimulant therapeutic agent, wherein the non-stimulant therapeutic agent is formulated for release 4 hours post-administration to the subject, and wherein therapeutic levels of the non-stimulant therapeutic agent are maintained in the subject for 8 hours.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating attention deficit hyperactive disorder by administering a controlled sequential-release pharmaceutical compositions comprising: (a) a 50% lower than standard dose of a stimulant pharmacologic agent, wherein the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated as a nanoparticulate, wherein onset of therapeutic action of the stimulant pharmacologic agent is within 30 minutes of oral administration to a subject, and wherein therapeutic levels of the stimulant pharmacologic agent are maintained in the subject for 8 hours post; and (b) 50% lower than standard dose of a non-stimulant therapeutic agent, wherein the non-stimulant therapeutic agent is formulated for release 4 hours post-administration to the subject, and wherein therapeutic levels of the non-stimulant therapeutic agent are maintained in the subject for 8 hours.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides administration to or treatment of pediatric subjects (e.g., 0-19 years), infant subjects (e.g., 0-2), children (e.g., 2-12 years), adolescent subjects (e.g., 13-19 years), and/or adult subjects (e.g., 20+ years).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nanoparticulate formulation of I-amphetamine and d-amphetamine. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a nanoparticulate formulation of Adderall. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a nanoparticulate formulation of Focalin. In some embodiments, the mean nanoparticle diameter of the nanoparticulate formulation is less than or approximately 500 nm. In some embodiments, the mean nanoparticle diameter of the nanoparticulate formulation is less than or approximately 250 nm.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprising nanoparticulate formulations and/or non-nanoparticulate formulations are utilized in solid or liquid dosage formulations, such as liquid dispersions, gels, aerosols, ointments, creams, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, lyophilized formulations, tablets, capsules, rapid-release formulations, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, mixed immediate release and controlled release formulations, etc.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides pharmaceutical composition comprising a nanoparticulate formulation of a stimulant pharmacologic agent. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to begin release upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated for release within 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises 20% less stimulant pharmacologic agent than standard stimulant pharmacologic formulations. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to begin release upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the nanoparticulate formulation comprises particles of less than 1000 microns in diameter. In some embodiments, the particles in the nanoparticulate formulation are all less than 1000 microns in diameter. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a non-nanoparticulate formulation of the stimulant pharmacologic agent.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a stimulant pharmacologic agent and a non-stimulant pharmacologic agent. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated as a nanoparticulate. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated as a nanoparticulate. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant is selected from Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nanoparticulate formulation of a stimulant pharmacologic agent and a non-nanoparticulate formulated therapeutic. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, the non-nanoparticulate formulated therapeutic is selected from amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, dexamphetamines, Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine. In some embodiments, the non-nanoparticulate formulated pharmacologic agent is formulated for delayed release. In some embodiments, the nanoparticulate formulation of a stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated for immediate and/or rapid release. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises reduced doses of the stimulant pharmacologic agent and the non-nanoparticulate formulated therapeutic compared to standard formulations (e.g., once-daily formulations).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a once-daily fixed-dose sequential-release formulation of a stimulant and non-stimulant. In some embodiments, the stimulant is selected from one or more of amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the stimulant is nanoparticulate formulated. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the stimulant is not nanoparticulate formulated. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the stimulant is formulated for immediate release. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the stimulant is formulated for delayed release. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant is selected from one or more of Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the non-stimulant is nanoparticulate formulated. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the non-stimulant is not nanoparticulate formulated. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the non-stimulant is formulated for immediate release. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the non-stimulant is formulated for delayed release.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating attention deficit hyperactive disorder in a subject by administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition described herein. In some embodiments, the subject is a child, adolescent, or adult. In some embodiments, the dose of the stimulant at least 10% less than a standard administered dose of the stimulant. In some embodiments, the subject experiences reduced side effects compared to a standard administered dose of the stimulant. In some embodiments, the reduced side effects include one or more of: changes in appetite, sleep loss, tics, slowed/reduced growth, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, formulations prevent or reduce such side effects, e.g., due to lower dose or other mechanisms—the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a stimulant pharmaceutical agent and a second pharmaceutical agent, wherein the stimulant pharmaceutical agent is formulated for release at two distinct time-points following administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmaceutical agent is selected from one or more of amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, and dexamphetamines. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the stimulant pharmaceutical agent is nanoparticulate formulated. In some embodiments, a first portion of the stimulant pharmaceutical agent is formulated for immediate release and a second portion of the stimulant pharmaceutical agent is formulated for delayed release. In some embodiments, the second pharmaceutical agent is selected from one or more of amphetamines, lisdexamphetamines, methylphenidates, dexmethylphenidates, dexamphetamines, Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the second pharmaceutical agent is nanoparticulate formulated. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the second pharmaceutical agent is formulated for delayed release. In some embodiments, administration of the pharmaceutical composition to a subject results in three or more peaks of pharmaceutical release (e.g., 3 peaks, 4 peaks, 5 peaks, 6 peaks, or more).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compositions and methods for improving the quality of life (QOL) of a patient with ADHD where the QOL comprising multidimensional aspects of well being, social, emotional, family, functional and concerns for patients on stimulant therapy such as weight loss and insomnia. In some embodiments, the improvement in CHIP score from baseline is greater than 1% (e.g., >2%, >3%, >4%, >5%, >6%, >7%, >8%, >9%, >10%, or more). For example in some embodiments, a method of treating a subject for ADHD symptoms is provided comprising administering dose of stimulant in the morning and a dose of non-stimulant in the afternoon to reduce side effects and improve quality of life over stimulant-only therapies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows laser scattering particle size distribution analysis of amphetamine salts prior to milling.

FIG. 2 shows laser scattering particle size distribution analysis of amphetamine in ethyl acetate, 0.5% oleic acid, and cyclohexane.

FIG. 3 shows photomicrograph of amphetamine in ethyl acetate, 0.5% oleic acid, and cyclohexane.

FIG. 4 shows laser scattering particle size distribution analysis of amphetamine 0.5% oleic acid and cyclohexane after 30 minutes of milling.

FIG. 5 shows photomicrograph of amphetamine in 0.5% oleic acid and cyclohexane after 30 minutes of milling.

FIG. 6 shows laser scattering particle size distribution analysis of amphetamine 0.5% oleic acid and cyclohexane after 60 minutes of milling.

FIG. 7 shows photomicrograph of amphetamine in 0.5% oleic acid and cyclohexane after 60 minutes of milling.

FIG. 8 shows laser scattering particle size distribution analysis of amphetamine 0.5% oleic acid and cyclohexane after 120 minutes of milling.

FIG. 9 shows photomicrograph of amphetamine in 0.5% oleic acid and cyclohexane after 120 minutes of milling.

FIG. 10 shows laser scattering particle size distribution analysis of amphetamine 0.5% oleic acid and cyclohexane after 240 minutes of milling.

FIG. 11 shows photomicrograph of amphetamine in 0.5% oleic acid and cyclohexane after 240 minutes of milling.

FIG. 12 shows laser scattering particle size distribution analysis of amphetamine 0.5% Sedefos 75 and cyclohexane after 240 minutes of milling.

FIG. 13 shows photomicrograph of amphetamine in Sedefos 75 and cyclohexane after 240 minutes of milling.

FIG. 14 shows laser scattering particle size distribution analysis of amphetamine in ethanol after 40 hours of milling.

FIG. 15 shows photomicrograph of amphetamine in Sedefos 75 and cyclohexane after 40 hours of milling.

FIG. 16 shows laser scattering particle size distribution analysis of amphetamine in ethanol after 40 hours of milling: before drying (median size=170 nm), dried under vacuum and 10 min. sonication (median size=2.91 μm), and dried under vacuum and 30 sec. sonication (median size=1.63 μm).

FIG. 17 shows laser scattering particle size distribution analysis of amphetamine in ethanol after 40 hours of milling, before and after lyophilization with PVP cryoprotectant.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein, the term “co-administration” refers to the administration of at least two agent(s) (e.g., a compound of the present invention) or therapies to a subject. In some embodiments, the co-administration of two or more agents/therapies is concurrent. In other embodiments, the co-administration of two or more agents/therapies is sequential (e.g., a first agent/therapy is administered prior to a second agent/therapy). In some embodiments, the two or more therapies are administered concurrently, but released (e.g., absorbed, become bioavailable, etc.) sequentially. For example, a composition comprising a first agent and a second agent is administered to a subject (e.g., orally), the first agent is released and becomes bioavailable immediately, but the second agent is formulated for delayed release (e.g., enteric release, release 2-8 hours after administration, etc.). Those of skill in the art understand that the formulations and/or routes of administration of the various agents/therapies used may vary. The appropriate dosage for co-administration can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. In some embodiments, when agents/therapies are co-administered, the respective agents/therapies are administered at lower dosages than appropriate for their administration alone. Thus, co-administration is especially desirable in embodiments where the co-administration of the agents/therapies lowers the requisite dosage of a known potentially harmful (e.g., toxic) agent(s).

The term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of a drug effective to facilitate a desired therapeutic effect in a particular class of subject (e.g., infant, child, adolescent, adult). As used herein, the term “subtherapeutic” refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent that is insufficient to achieve the desired and/or anticipated therapeutic result/outcome upon administration to an average and/or typical subject (e.g., average size, taking no contraindicated pharmaceutical agents, having a similar reaction to the dose as a majority of the population, etc.). A subtherapeutic dose may be age dependent (e.g., infant, child, adolescent, adult). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended dosages are indicative of therapeutic dose, and may be used to inform the determination of a subtherapeutic dose.

As used herein, the term “once-daily” refers to a pharmaceutical that is formulated for administration to a subject one time per day. The pharmaceutical may provide the therapeutic result for a full 24 hours, or may provide treatment for only a desired/anticipated fraction thereof (e.g., 8 hours, 10 hours, 12, hours, 16 hours), depending upon the intended function of the pharmaceutical. In cases where a once-daily dose provides less than 24 hours of therapeutic action, the duration of action achieved is the desired time span and re-administration in the same 24 hour period is not required. Due to the side effects of a pharmaceutical (e.g., insomnia), it may be desired/beneficial for the therapeutic action of a once-daily dose to last less than 24 hours (e.g., 8 hours, 10 hours, 12, hours, 16 hours)

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical agent” refers to a compound, macromolecule, or other entity that is administered (e.g., within the context of a pharmaceutical composition) to a subject to elicit a desired biological response. A pharmaceutical agent may be a “drug” or any other material which is biologically active in a human being or other mammal, locally and/or systemically. Examples of drugs are disclosed in the Merck Index and the Physicians Desk Reference, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical formulation” refers to at least one pharmaceutical agent in combination with one or more additional components that assist in rendering the pharmaceutical agent(s) suitable for achieving the desired effect upon administration to a subject. The pharmaceutical formulation may include one or more additives, for example pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, penetration enhancers, coatings, stabilizers, buffers or other materials physically associated with the pharmaceutical agent to enhance the administration, release (e.g., timing of release), deliverability, bioavailability, effectiveness, etc. of the dosage form. The formulation may be, for example, a liquid, a suspension, a solid, a nanoparticle, emulsion, micelle, ointment, gel, emulsion, coating, etc. A pharmaceutical formulation (e.g., enteric coated formulation) may contain a single pharmaceutical agent (e.g., stimulant) or multiple pharmaceutical agents (e.g., stimulant and non-stimulant). A pharmaceutical composition may contain a single pharmaceutical formulation (e.g., nanoparticulate formulation, etc.) or multiple pharmaceutical formulations (e.g., a first immediate release nanoparticulate formulation and a second delayed-release enterically-coated formulation, etc.).

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to the combination of one or more pharmaceutical agents with one or more carriers, inert or active, making the composition especially suitable for diagnostic or therapeutic use in vivo, in vivo or ex vivo. A pharmaceutical composition comprises the physical entity that is administered to a subject, and may take the form of a solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage form, such as tablet, capsule, orally-disintegrating tablet, pill, powder, suppository, solution, elixir, syrup, suspension, cream, lozenge, paste, spray, etc. A pharmaceutical composition may comprise a single pharmaceutical agent or multiple pharmaceutical agents. A pharmaceutical composition may comprise a single pharmaceutical formulation (e.g., extended release, immediate release, delayed release, nanoparticulate, etc.) or multiple formulations (e.g., immediate release and delayed release, nanoparticulate and non-nanoparticulate, etc.).

As used herein, the term “sequential release” refers to a release profile for a pharmaceutical composition in which a two or more pharmaceutical agents are released (e.g., from a nanoparticulate, from an enteric coating, etc.) at distinct time points following administration to a subject. The release timepoint may refer to the pharmaceutical agent being absorbed by a subject, entering the blood stream, becoming bioavailable, etc. the time interval between release timepoints may be measured from initial release or from the peak release of each pharmaceutical agent. Pharmaceutical agents may have overlap between their release profiles (e.g., 0-4 hours and 2-5 hours) and still be considered sequential release if they exhibit distinct onsets of release or peaks of release. A time interval of about 1 hour is typically required to constitute sequential release. The term “concurrent release” refers to pharmaceutical agents with substantially identical release profiles, onsets of release, and/or peak releases.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions (e.g., such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsions), and various types of wetting agents. The compositions also can include stabilizers and preservatives. For examples of carriers, stabilizers and adjuvants. (See e.g., Martin, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15th Ed., Mack Publ. Co., Easton, Pa. [1975]).

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g., acid or base) of a compound of the present invention which, upon administration to a subject, is capable of providing a compound of this invention or an active metabolite or residue thereof. As is known to those of skill in the art, “salts” of the compounds of the present invention may be derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases. Examples of acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfinuric, nitric, perchloric, fumaric, maleic, phosphoric, glycolic, lactic, salicylic, succinic, toluene-p-sulfonic, tartaric, acetic, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, formic, benzoic, malonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, benzenesulfonic acid, and the like. Other acids, such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides drug therapy formulations. In some embodiments, the present invention provides drug combinations (e.g., co-administrations), formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate, non-nanoparticulate), release profiles (e.g., immediate release, delayed release, sustained release, and combinations thereof), and combinations thereof to provide therapeutic benefit with reduced side effects. In some embodiments, the present invention provides drug therapy formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate formulations, rapid-release formulations, rapid-clearance formulations, delayed release formulations, mixed immediate release and controlled release formulations, etc.). In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical formulations for reducing the side effects associated with a therapeutic (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Focalin, Adderall)). In some embodiments, the present invention provides a reduction in side effects (e.g., sleep- and/or diet-related side effects) associated with a therapeutic (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin)). In some embodiments, the present invention provides drug formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate formulation, co-administration, release profiles, etc.) for enhanced benefit (e.g., rapid release, rapid clearance, rapid onset of therapeutic effect, reducing the side effects, etc.) of a therapeutic (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin)). In some embodiments, the present invention provides a reduction in sleep- and diet-related side effects associated with a first therapeutic (e.g., stimulant) through co-administration with a time-released second therapeutic, nanoparticulate formulation, varied release profiles (e.g., immediate release, delayed release, etc.), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the present invention provides formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate formulation, co-administration, release profiles, combinations thereof, etc.) of one or more therapeutics which allows therapeutic benefit with reduced dosage, thereby reducing side effects (e.g. sleep- and diet-related side effects). In some embodiments, the present invention provides formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate formulation, co-administration, release profiles, combinations thereof, etc.) which provide enhanced bioavailability, thereby reducing associated side effects (e.g. sleep- and diet-related side effects). In some embodiments, the present invention provides formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate formulation, co-administration, release profiles, combinations thereof, etc.) which provide rapid bioavailability. In some embodiments, the present invention provides formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate formulation, co-administration, release profiles, combinations thereof, etc.) which provide rapid clearance from the blood (e.g., thereby reducing associated side effects (e.g. sleep- and diet-related side effects)).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compositions and methods for treatment and/or symptom reduction of attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), adult ADD, adult ADHD, pediatric ADD, pediatric ADHD, and related conditions and/or disorders. All embodiments of the invention described herein can be applied to the above conditions and/or disorders. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating signs or symptoms of a disease or condition in a subject. To illustrate aspects of the invention, the remaining description focuses on ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). However, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to this particular condition. In some embodiments, the present invention provides treatment and/or symptom reduction for: ADHD, one or more symptoms of ADHD, ADHD-like conditions, psychiatric side effects of other pharmaceuticals, psychiatric conditions, conditions presenting one or more symptoms of ADHD, attention deficit disorder (ADD), bipolar disorder, autism, seizure disorders, etc. It will be understood that the formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate formulation, drug co-administration, varied release profiles, and combinations thereof) find use in the treatment of such diseases, conditions, and disorders as well. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for the treatment of such other conditions are within the scope of the present invention.

Some embodiments of the present invention provide enhanced efficacy instead of, or in addition to, reduced side effects. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are provided that comprise conventional therapeutic doses in the pharmaceutical formulations described herein (e.g., sequential release, nanoparticulate, co-administration). Therefore, while possibly also achieving a reduction in side effects, the formulations provide enhanced efficacy, bioavailability, onset of action, duration, etc. compared to conventional therapeutic doses in standard formulations. In some embodiments, reduced dose formulations (e.g., subtherapeutic) provide enhanced efficacy in the formulations described herein.

A. Stimulant

In some embodiments, stimulant pharmaceuticals for use with the present invention include amphetamines (e.g. Adderall XR, Adderall, etc.), lisdexamphetamine (e.g. Vyvanse, etc.), methylphenidate (e.g. Concerta, Ritalin, Ritalin LA, Metadate CD, Metadate ER, etc.), dexmethylphenidate (e.g. Focalin, Focalin XR, etc.), and dexamphetamine (e.g. Dexedrine). Those of skill in the will recognize that this list is not limiting and recognize additional stimulant pharmaceuticals which will find use with embodiments of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, stimulant pharmaceuticals are formulated according to any embodiments described herein, for example: nanoparticulate formulation, non-nanoparticulate formulation, combined nanoparticulate/non-nanoparticulate formulation, immediate release, delayed release, sustained release, co-administration (e.g., with one or more non-stimulants, with one or more additional stimulants), any suitable combinations thereof, etc.

In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmaceutical agent is an agent that increases the levels of dopamine or norepinephrine in a treated subject. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent is an α2 adrenergic agonist. Stimulant pharmacologic agents include, but are not limited to, any one or more of amphetamines (e.g., (±)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine), lisdexamphetamines (e.g., N-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl]-L-lysinamide), methylphenidates (e.g., methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate), dexmethylphenidates (e.g., (R,R)-(+)-Methyl 2-phenyl-2-(2-piperidyl)acetate), and dexamphetamines (e.g., (S)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine), or derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is selected from amphetamines (e.g. Adderall XR, Adderall, etc.), lisdexamphetamines (e.g. Vyvanse, etc.), methylphenidates (e.g. Concerta, Ritalin, Ritalin LA, Metadate CD, Metadate ER, etc.), dexmethylphenidates (e.g. Focalin, Focalin XR, etc.), and dexamphetamines (e.g. Dexedrine). In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agents include, but are not limited to, Atomoxetine ((3R)-N-methyl-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenyl-propan-1-amine; (R)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)propan-1-amine), Guanfacine (N-(diaminomethylidene)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetamide), and Clonidine (N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine) or derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, a stimulant is a pro-drug (e.g., lisdeamfetamine). In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is selected from Atomoxetine (e.g. Strattera, etc.), Guanfacine (e.g. Intuniv, etc.), Clonidine, etc. In some embodiments, a non-stimulant agent is a slow release formulation (e.g., Intuniv).

In some embodiments, the stimulant Adderall (or another stimulant) is administered to subjects (e.g., subjects suffering from ADHD). In some embodiments, Adderall is administered in any suitable formulation (e.g., delayed release, immediate release, enteric coating, nanoparticulate, non-nanoparticulate, combinations thereof, etc.). In some embodiments, the present invention provides formulations of Adderall at doses of less than 100 mg/day (e.g., <50 mg/day, <40 mg/day, <30 mg/day, <20 mg/day, <10 mg/day, <5 mg/day, etc.). In some embodiments, a single dose of Adderall is given each day (e.g., 10 mg, 9 mg, 8 mg, 7 mg, 6 mg, 5 mg, 4 mg, 3 mg, 2 mg, 1 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.1 mg, or doses therein). In some embodiments, multiple doses (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more) of Adderall are given each day. In some embodiments, individual does contain 10 or less mg/does (e.g., 10 mg, 9 mg, 8 mg, 7 mg, 6 mg, 5 mg, 4 mg, 3 mg, 2 mg, 1 mg). In some embodiments, standard benefit (e.g., reduced ADHD symptoms) is achieved with a reduced dose of Adderall (e.g., <40 mg/day, <30 mg/day, <20 mg/day, <10 mg/day, <5 mg/day, etc.). In some embodiments, a single reduced dose (e.g., 9 mg, 8 mg, 7 mg, 6 mg, 5 mg, 4 mg, 3 mg, 2 mg, 1 mg) is given each day.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides formulations of MPH (e.g., nanoparticulate formulations, non-nanoparticulate formulations, combinations thereor) at doses of less than 100 mg/day (e.g., <50 mg/day, <40 mg/day, <30 mg/day, <20 mg/day, <10 mg/day, <5 mg/day, etc.). In some embodiments, a single dose of MPH is given each day (e.g., 18 mg, 17 mg, 16 mg, 15 mg, 14 mg, 13 mg, 12 mg, 11 mg, 10 mg, 9 mg, 8 mg, 7 mg, 6 mg, 5 mg, or less). In some embodiments, multiple doses (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more) of MPH are given each day. In some embodiments, individual does contain 10 or less mg/does (e.g., 10 mg, 9 mg, 8 mg, 7 mg, 6 mg, 5 mg, 4 mg, 3 mg, 2 mg, 1 mg). In some embodiments, standard benefit (e.g., reduced ADHD symptoms) is achieved with a reduced dose of MPH (e.g., <20 mg/day, <10 mg/day, <5 mg/day, etc.). In some embodiments, a single reduced dose (e.g., 15 mg, 14 mg, 13 mg, 12 mg, 11 mg, 10 mg, 9 mg, 8 mg, 7 mg, 6 mg, 5 mg, 4 mg, 3 mg, 2 mg, 1 mg) is given each day.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides formulations of Focalin (e.g., nanoparticulate formulations, non-nanoparticulate formulations, combinations thereor) at doses of less than 20 mg/day (e.g., <10 mg/day, <5 mg/day, <2 mg/day, <1 mg/day, etc.). In some embodiments, a single dose of Focalin is given each day (e.g., <20 mg, <15 mg, <10 mg, <5 mg, <4 mg, <3 mg, <2 mg, <1 mg). In some embodiments, multiple doses (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more) of Focalin are given each day. In some embodiments, individual does contain 10 or less mg/dose of Focalin (e.g., 10 mg, 9 mg, 8 mg, 7 mg, 6 mg, 5 mg, 4 mg, 3 mg, 2 mg, 1 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.1 mg). In some embodiments, standard benefit (e.g., reduced ADHD symptoms) is achieved with a reduced dose of Focalin. In some embodiments, a single reduced dose of Focalin is given each day.

B. Non-Stimulant

In some embodiments, non-stimulant pharmaceuticals for use with the present invention include Atomoxetine (e.g. Strattera, etc.), Guanfacine (e.g. Intuniv, etc.), Clonidine, etc. Those of skill in the will recognize that this list is not limiting and recognize additional non-stimulant pharmaceuticals which will find use with embodiments of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, non-stimulant pharmaceuticals are formulated according to any embodiments described herein, for example: nanoparticulate formulation, non-nanoparticulate formulation, combined nanoparticulate/non-nanoparticulate formulation, immediate release, delayed release, sustained release, co-administration (e.g., with one or more stimulants, with one or more additional non-stimulants), any suitable combinations thereof, etc.

In some embodiments, the non-stimulant guanfacine (or another non-stimulant is administered to subjects (e.g., subjects suffering from ADHD). In some embodiments, guanfacine is administered in any suitable formulation (e.g., delayed release, immediate release, enteric coating, nanoparticulate, non-nanoparticulate, combinations thereof, etc.). In some embodiments, one or more doses of guanfacine are administered each day (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more). In some embodiments, individual does contain 4 mg/dose or less of guanfacine (e.g., 4 mg, 3.5 mg, 3 mg, 2.5 mg, 2 mg, 1.5 mg, 1 mg, 0.75 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.1 mg, and doses therein). In some embodiments, 4 mg or less of guanfacine is administered per day (e.g., 4 mg, 3.5 mg, 3 mg, 2.5 mg, 2 mg, 1.5 mg, 1 mg, 0.75 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.1 mg, and amounts therein). In some embodiments, standard benefit (e.g., reduced ADHD symptoms) is achieved with a reduced dose of guanfacine. In some embodiments, a single reduced dose of guanfacine is given each day. In some embodiments, multiple formulations (e.g., release profiles, nanoparticulate/non-nanoparticulate, etc.) of guanfacine are provided in a single pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, similarly reduced dosages are provided of other non-stimulant pharmaceuticals (e.g., in addition to guanfacine or instead of guanfacine) in any suitable formulations.

C. Nanoparticulate Formulation

In some embodiments, the present invention provides nanoparticulate formulations of one or more pharmacologic agents. In some embodiments, a single pharmacologic agent is provided in a nanoparticulate formulation. In some embodiments, the present invention provides nanoparticulate formulations comprising one or more pharmacologic agents (e.g., a stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.)) for the treatment of ADHD. In some embodiments, the present invention provides nanoparticulate formulations comprising one or more stimulant pharmacologic agents. In some embodiments, the present invention provides nanoparticulate formulations comprising one or more non-stimulant pharmacologic agents. In some embodiments, the present invention provides nanoparticulate formulations comprising one or more stimulant pharmacologic agents and one or more non-stimulant pharmacologic agents. In some embodiments, methods of making nanoparticulate formulations comprising pharmacologic agents, and uses and methods of administration thereof are understood in the art (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,648; U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,515; U.S. Pat. No. 6,592,903; U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,108; U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,738; U.S. Pat. No. 6,375,986; U.S. Pat. No. 7,198,795; U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,187; U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,999; U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,388; U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,118; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation provides pharmaceutical compositions with enhanced bioavailability. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation provides pharmaceutical compositions with desirable release characteristics (e.g. controlled release, delayed release, slow release, etc.). In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation provides pharmaceutical compositions with rapid bioavailability (e.g., <1 hour, <30 minutes, <15 minutes, <5 minutes, <1 minute, <30 seconds, <10 seconds, etc.). In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation provides pharmaceutical compositions with rapid blood clearance, for example, the majority of the pharmaceutical composition is cleared from the blood within 1 hour (e.g., <1 hour, <30 minutes, <15 minutes, <5 minutes, <1 minute, <30 seconds, <10 seconds, etc.). In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of pharmacologic agents provides enhanced therapeutic benefit. In some embodiments, reduced dosage of a nanoparticulate formulation of one or more pharmacologic agents provides similar therapeutic benefit to conventional formulations at conventional dosages. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of one or more pharmacologic agents provides reduced side effects (e.g., insomnia, appetite loss, abdominal pain, etc.). In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of one or more pharmacologic agents provides reduced side effects (e.g. insomnia, appetite loss, abdominal pain, etc.) because lower doses are used to achieve the same benefit as conventional formulations. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of one or more pharmacologic agents provides reduced side effects (e.g. insomnia, appetite loss, abdominal pain, etc.) because of the rapidity of bioavailability compared to conventional formulations. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of one or more pharmacologic agents provides reduced side effects (e.g. insomnia, appetite loss, abdominal pain, etc.) because of the rapidity of blood clearance compared to conventional formulations. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of one or more pharmacologic agents provides reduced side effects (e.g. insomnia, appetite loss, abdominal pain, etc.) because the controlled release properties of nanoparticulate formulation provide more optimal levels of pharmacologic agents circulating in the bloodstream of a subject, although the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of stimulant and/or non-stimulant allows for reduction in dose or stimulant and/or non-stimulant by as much as 75% (e.g. >10%, >25%, >50%, etc.) when compared to conventional treatment. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of stimulant and/or non-stimulant allows allows for reduction in stimulant dose by 10-50% (e.g. 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) when compared to conventional treatment.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates (e.g., containing Adderall, containing Focalin, etc.) have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of less than about 10 μm (e.g., <10 μm, <5 μm, <2 μm, <1 μm, <500 nm, <200 nm, <100 nm, <50 nm, <20 nm, <10 nm, etc.). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates (e.g., containing Adderall, containing Focalin, etc.) have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 450-550 nm (e.g., about 500 nm). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates (e.g., containing Adderall, containing Focalin, etc.) have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 350-450 nm (e.g., about 400 nm). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates (e.g., containing Adderall, containing Focalin, etc.) have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 250-350 nm (e.g., about 300 nm). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates (e.g., containing Adderal, containing Focalin, etc.) have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 150-250 nm (e.g., about 200 nm). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates (e.g., containing Adderall, containing Focalin, etc.) have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 50-150 nm (e.g., about 100 nm). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical nanoparticulates (e.g., containing Adderall, containing Focalin, etc.) have a diameter (e.g., mean diameter) of about 25-75 nm (e.g., about 50 nm).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides administration of one or more pharmaceutical agents (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.)) in a nanoparticulate formulation. In some embodiments, formulation of the one or more pharmaceutical agents (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.)) in a nanoparticulate provides one or more advantages over non-nanoparticlate formulation (e.g., rapid release, rapid blood clearance, reduced side-effects, lower dosage, enhanced bioavailability, etc.). In some embodiments, all the active agents in a pharmaceutical composition are provided in nanoparticulate formulation. In some embodiments, administration as a nanoparticulate allows a similar benefit (e.g. duration of treatment, effectiveness of symptom reduction, etc.) as conventional formulations with reduced dose of the therapeutic agent (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.)). In some embodiments, reducing the dose of the therapeutic agent (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Adderall)) reduces negative side effects (e.g. insomnia, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, etc.) associated therewith (e.g. associated with large doses (e.g. large doses required for prolonging duration of therapeutic benefit). In some embodiments, rapid release of the therapeutic agent (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.)) reduces the associated side effects and/or the required dose. In some embodiments, rapid blood clearance of the therapeutic agent (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.)) reduces the associated side effects.

In some embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical agents are provided in both a nanoparticulate formulation and non-nanoparticulate formulation (e.g., convention formulation, delayed-release formulation, enterically coated, etc.). In some embodiments, providing one or more agents in two different formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate and non-nanoparticulate) provides enhanced bioavailability, reduced side effects, prolonged effect, reduced dosage, etc. In some embodiments, a single pharmaceutical agent (e.g., a stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.)) is provided in both a nanoparticulate formulation and non-nanoparticulate formulation (e.g., convention formulation, delayed-release formulation, enterically coated, etc.). In some embodiments, providing a pharmaceutical agent in two different formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate and non-nanoparticulate) provides enhanced bioavailability, reduced side effects, prolonged effect, reduced dosage, etc.

In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of a therapeutic agent (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin), non-stimulant, etc.) allows for reduction in stimulant dose by as much as 75% (e.g. >10%, >25%, >50%, etc.) when compared to conventional modes of administration. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation allows for reduced dosage (e.g., 9 mg/dose, 8 mg/dose, 7 mg/dose, 6 mg/dose, 5 mg/dose, 4 mg/dose, 3 mg/dose, 2 mg/dose, 1 mg/dose, or less). In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of a therapeutic agent (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.), non-stimulant, etc.) provides enhanced bioavailability by as much as 100-fold (e.g. >1.1-fold . . . 1.2-fold . . . 1.5-fold . . . 2-fold . . . 5-fold . . . 10-fold . . . 20-fold . . . 50-fold . . . 100-fold, etc.) when compared to conventional modes of administration. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation speeds the rate at which a pharmaceutical agent (e.g., a stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.), non-stimulant, etc.) becomes bioavailable by as much as 100-fold (e.g. >1.1-fold . . . 1.2-fold . . . 1.5-fold . . . 2-fold . . . 5-fold . . . 10-fold . . . 20-fold . . . 50-fold . . . 100-fold, etc.) when compared to conventional modes of administration. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation speeds the rate at which a pharmaceutical agent (e.g., a stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.), non-stimulant, etc.) is cleared from the blood by as much as 100-fold (e.g. >1.1-fold . . . 1.2-fold . . . 1.5-fold . . . 2-fold . . . 5-fold . . . 10-fold . . . 20-fold . . . 50-fold . . . 100-fold, etc.) when compared to conventional modes of administration.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a low dose and rapid onset (e.g., ultrafast) nanoparticulate formulation of stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate). In some embodiments, the present invention provides a low dose (e.g., 10% . . . 20% . . . 30%, etc. lower dose of stimulant with same efficacy as approved stimulant dose) and ultrafast onset (e.g., on set of action within: 5 minutes . . . 10 minutes . . . 15 minutes . . . 20 minutes . . . 30 minutes . . . 45 minutes . . . 60 minutes, etc. of administration) nanoparticulate formulation of stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate). In some embodiments, a nanoparticulate formulation of stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) allows for reduction in dose compared to non-nanoparticulate formulation (e.g., by 10-50%, by 20%, etc.) with the same efficacy. In some embodiments, a nanoparticulate formulation of stimulant (e.g., amphetamine, methylphenidate, dexmethylphenidate) allows for reduction in dose compared to non-nanoparticulate formulation by 1 mg or more (e.g., 1 mg . . . 2 mg . . . 3 mg . . . 4 mg . . . 5 mg . . . 6 mg . . . 7 mg . . . 8 mg . . . 9 mg, or more) with the same efficacy. In some embodiments, a nanoparticulate formulation of stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) allows for ultrafast onset of action within 30 minutes of administration (e.g., <30 minutes, <20 minutes, <10 minutes, <5 minutes, etc.). In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulated stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) is provided as an orally disintegrating tablet (e.g., a tablet that need not be actively swallowed) to further enhance speed stimulant delivery. In some embodiments, low dose, ultrafast onset, nanoparticulate formulation stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) is administered as needed (e.g., PRN basis) to assist in managing ADHD.

D. Co-Administration

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a combination therapy. In some embodiments, two or more pharmaceutical agents (e.g., stimulant and non-stimulant) are co-administered. In some embodiments, two synergistic pharmacological agents (e.g., stimulant and non-stimulant) are co-administered (e.g., concurrent administration/sequential release) to provide prolonged benefit to the patient while reducing side effects associated with one or either individual agent. In some embodiments, co-administration (e.g., concurrent administration/sequential release) allows reduced dose of one or both agents relative to the amount that would be administered as a single agent therapy. In some embodiments, one or both agents are formulated (e.g. nanoparticle formulation) to provide an additional basis for lowered dosage. In some embodiments, reduced dose of one or both co-administered agents provides a reduction in associated side effects (e.g. insomnia, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, etc.).

In some embodiments, formulations of stimulant and non-stimulant pharmaceuticals are provided to maintain the efficacy of individual drug treatments at reduced dose regimens. In some embodiments, one agent is administered as a nanoparticulate to provide rapid bioavailability and/or rapid clearance of the agent.

In some embodiments a first pharmacologic agent and a second pharmacologic agent provide treatment of the same disorder, disease, condition, and/or symptoms thereof. In some embodiments, first and second agents treat the same disorder, disease, condition, and/or symptoms thereof through different pharmacologic mechanisms. In some embodiments, the differing mechanisms allow for prolonged reduction in symptoms over administration of a single agent. In some embodiments, the differing mechanisms allow for reducing the total dose of one or both pharmacological agents. In some embodiments, the differing mechanisms help reduce side effects associated with one or both agents (e.g. insomnia, abdominal pain, and/or loss of appetite). In some embodiments, reduction in dose of one or both pharmacological agents helps reduce side effects associated with one or both agents.

In some embodiments, stimulant (e.g., nanoparticulate formulated) and non-stimulant are co-administered in pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., to provide treatment of symptoms at reduced dosage). In some embodiments, the combination of stimulant and non-stimulant therapeutics provides the same efficacy as the therapeutics on their own, only at lower dose. In some embodiments, the release of the non-stimulant and stimulant is controlled to maintain efficacy of stimulant-only treatment at reduced dose. In some embodiments, any dose combination of stimulant and non-stimulant that provides the same (or better) efficacy of stimulant-only treatment at reduced dose is within the scope of the present invention. For example, in some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises 10 mg amphetamine (rapid release) and 4 mg of guanfacine (delayed release). In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises 9 mg of nanoparticulate amphetamine (rapid release) and 4 mg of guanfacine (delayed release). These are only example of suitable dose combinations. Any combinations doses and release schedule that provides similar efficacy to standard treatments at reduced dose is within the scope of the present invention.

In some embodiments, the methods comprising administering to a subject suffering from ADHD a combination therapeutic agent comprising a stimulant pharmacologic agent and a non-stimulant pharmacologic agent, wherein the stimulant pharmacologic agent and the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent are formulated for release according to separate schedules, and wherein administration of the combination therapeutic agent. Such embodiments provide effective relief of symptoms of ADHD while minimizing or avoiding undesired side-effects. In some embodiments, the combination therapeutic agent provides effective relief of symptoms of ADHD using lower doses of the stimulant pharmacologic agent and/or the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent than when the stimulant pharmacologic agent or the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent are used alone to treat ADHD (i.e., the dose administered is lower than the normal recommended dose for a particular subject, taking into account age, size, gender, or other factors). In some embodiments, the combination therapeutic agent provides effective relief of symptoms of ADHD with fewer or reduced side effects from the stimulant pharmacologic agent and/or the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent than when the stimulant pharmacologic agent or the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent are used alone to treat ADHD. In some embodiments, the combination therapeutic agent provides effective relief of symptoms of ADHD for longer duration than when the stimulant pharmacologic agent or the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent are used alone to treat ADHD. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to begin release upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to release over the course of 0.5 to 6 hours, although other ranges may be used, as desired. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to release over the course of 3 to 12 hours, although other ranges may be used, as desired. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated to begin release upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the non-stimulant pharmacologic agent is formulated for delayed release. In some embodiments, the delayed release comprises release beginning 3 to 6 hours after administration to a subject, although other ranges may be used, as desired. In some embodiments, the subject is a child (e.g., a human child under the age of 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, etc.). In some embodiments, the combination therapeutic agent provides effective relief of symptoms of ADHD for 8 to 16 hours. Side effects, such as problems with sleep or appetite are reduced or eliminated in the later hours of the day upon a morning administration of the agents.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating signs or symptoms of a disease or condition in a subject by administering a pharmaceutical composition to the subject. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical agent comprises a first formulation and a second formulation. In some embodiments, the first formulation comprises a nanoparticulate of one or more pharmaceutical agents. In some embodiments, the first formulation comprises one or more pharmaceutical agents and one or more non-pharmaceutical compositions. In some embodiments, the first formulation is configured for rapid-release of one or more pharmaceutical agents upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, the second formulation comprises one or more pharmaceutical agents. In some embodiments, the second formulation comprises one or more pharmaceutical agents and one or more non-pharmaceutical compositions. In some embodiments, the second formulation is configured for slow-release of one or more pharmaceutical agents upon administration to a subject. In some embodiments, administration of a first formulation and a second formulation reduces side effects related to one or more pharmaceutical agents administered to a subject (e.g., pharmaceutical agents in the first formulation, pharmaceutical agents in the second formulation, pharmaceutical agents in both formulations).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides co-administration of a first stimulant pharmaceutical with a second pharmaceutical (e.g., a different formulation of the same pharmaceutical, a different stimulant, a non-stimulant, etc.). In some embodiments, the present invention provides co-administration of a first stimulant pharmaceutical with a second non-stimulant pharmaceutical. In some embodiments, one or both of the first stimulant pharmaceutical and second non-stimulant pharmaceutical are nanoparticle formulated. In some embodiments, the present invention provides co-administration of a first stimulant pharmaceutical (e.g. norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (e.g. amphetamines, methylphenidate, dexmethylphenidate, etc.) with a second non-stimulant pharmaceutical (e.g. alpha adrenergic agonist (e.g. guanfacine, clonidine, etc.) for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). In some embodiments, a stimulant and non-stimulant are co-administered to provide an extended duration of effective treatment of symptoms without increasing the dose of either agent. In some embodiments, a stimulant and non-stimulant are co-administered to provide an extended duration of effective treatment of symptoms without significant side effects (e.g. insomnia, appetite loss, abdominal pain). In some embodiments, co-administration of a stimulant agent and non-stimulant agent provides extended effective treatment of ADHD (e.g. >8 hours, >10 hours, >12 hours, >14 hours, >16 hours, up to 24 hours) without side effects associated with large doses of stimulants. In some embodiments, co-administration of a stimulant agent and non-stimulant agent provides the same duration of symptom relief as a high dose stimulant-only treatment, using reduced dosage of stimulant and with reduced stimulant side effects (e.g. reduced insomnia, reduced appetite loss, reduced abdominal pain, etc.). In some embodiments, co-administration of a stimulant agent and non-stimulant agent provides extended duration of symptom relief over stimulant-only treatment (e.g. additional 2 hours of reduced symptoms, additional 4 hours of reduced symptoms, additional 6 hours of reduced symptoms, additional 8 hours of reduced symptoms) without additional stimulant side effects (e.g. insomnia, appetite loss, abdominal pain, etc.).

In some embodiments, co-administration of stimulant and non-stimulant using formulations of the present invention allows for reduction in stimulant dose by as much as 75% (e.g. >10%, >25%, >50%, etc.) when compared to stimulant-only treatment. In some embodiments, co-administration of stimulant and non-stimulant using formulations of the present invention allows for reduction in stimulant dose by 10-50% (e.g. 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) when compared to stimulant-only treatment. In some embodiments, co-administration of stimulant and non-stimulant using formulations of the present invention allows for reduction in non-stimulant dose by as much as 75% (e.g. >10%, >25%, >50%, etc.) when compared to non-stimulant-only treatment. In some embodiments, co-administration of stimulant and non-stimulant using formulations of the present invention allows for reduction in non-stimulant dose by 10-50% (e.g. 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) when compared to non-stimulant-only treatment.

E. Release Profile

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical agents of the present invention are formulated for slow release, delayed release, immediate release, timed release, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical agent, or portions of a pharmaceutical agent, is enterically coated to protect the agent or agents from dissolving in the stomach. In some embodiments, enterically coated pharmaceuticals dissolve, releasing pharmaceutical agents, upon reaching a desired location (e.g., the small intestine). In some embodiments, enteric coating of an agent delays release of the agent for several hours (e.g. 3 hours, 4 hour, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, etc.). In some embodiments, an enterically coated agent may be formulated for immediate release upon loss of the enteric coating or for slow release (e.g. over the course of hours). In some embodiments, an enterically coated agent may be formulated for immediate release upon loss of the enteric coating.

F. Combination Formulations

The present invention provides therapeutic benefit with reduced side effects. In some embodiments, one or more of nanoparticulate formulation, co-administration of stimulant and non-stimulant drugs, and specific drug-release regimes enable reduced dosages and/or reduced side effects with little or no loss of therapeutic benefit. Particular embodiments, of the invention employ one or more of nanoparticulate formulation, co-administration of stimulant and non-stimulant drugs, and specific drug-release regimes. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides any combination of the various embodiments described herein (e.g., (e.g., release profiles, formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate, non-nanoparticulate), drug combinations, etc.). For example, in particular embodiments, dosing regimens (e.g., release profile, doses, drugs provided) may be provided in either nanoparticulate or non-nanoparticulate formulation. Additionally, any of the various embodiments of the invention described herein (e.g., release profiles, formulations, drug combinations, etc.) may find use in the treatment of pediatric subjects (e.g., 0-19 years), infant subjects (e.g., 0-2), children (e.g., 2-12 years), adolescent subjects (e.g., 13-19 years), and/or adult subjects (e.g., 20+ years).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides co-administration of a first agent with a second agent. In some embodiments, one or both agents are formulated as nanoparticulates. In some embodiments, the present invention provides co-administration of a first agent with a time-released second agent. In some embodiments, the first agent is also time released. In some embodiments, the first agent (e.g., stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.)) is timed to release early in the treatment course (e.g., first agent is in nanoparticulate). In some embodiments, the first agent is formulated (e.g., nanoparticulate) to be cleared from the blood early in the treatment course. In some embodiments, a first agent is formulated with one or more additional pharmaceutical and/or non-pharmaceutical agents. In some embodiments, the second agent is timed to release late in the treatment course. In some embodiments, the second agent in timed to release throughout the treatment course. In some embodiments, administration of the second agent with the first agent allows a similar benefit (e.g. duration of treatment, effectiveness of symptom reduction, etc.) from treatment with reduced dose of the first agent. In some embodiments, reducing the dose of the first agent reduces negative side effects (e.g. insomnia, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, etc.) associated with the first agent (e.g. associated with large doses (e.g. large doses required for prolonging duration of the benefit of the first agent). In some embodiments, rapid release of the first agent reduces the associated side effects and/or the required dose. In some embodiments, rapid blood clearance of the first agent reduces the associated side effects. In some embodiments, administration of the second agent with the first agent allows a similar benefit (e.g. duration of treatment) from treatment with reduced dose of the second agent. In some embodiments, reducing the dose of the second agent reduces negative side effects (e.g. insomnia, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, etc.) associated with the second agent (e.g. associated with large doses (e.g. large doses required for prolonging duration of the benefit of the second agent). In some embodiments, a lower dose of the first agent at an early stage in the treatment course causes the first agent to be substantially metabolized during the later portion of the treatment course such that its active dosage does not exhibit unwanted side effects. In such embodiments, the second agent is active in the later portion of the treatment course to provide or significantly contribute to the therapeutic benefit—without the associated negative effects of the first agent. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of one or more agents reduces side effects associated with those agents (e.g., due to rapid release and/or rapid clearance of nanoparticulate formulated agents).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides timed release co-administration of a first stimulant pharmaceutical (e.g. norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (e.g. amphetamines (e.g., Adderall), methylphenidate, etc.)) with a second non-stimulant pharmaceutical (e.g. alpha adrenergic agonist (e.g. guanfacine, clonidine, etc.)) for the treatment of ADHD. In some embodiments, a first stimulant pharmaceutical is formulated for immediate release, providing a subject with reduced symptoms beginning early in the treatment time course (e.g. within 10 minutes, within 30 minutes, within 1 hour). In some embodiments, a first stimulant pharmaceutical is formulated to last for several hours (e.g. 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours). In some embodiments, a first stimulant pharmaceutical is formulated (e.g., in a nanoparticulate) for rapid release and/or clearance (e.g., peak blood concentration in <15 minutes). In some embodiments, a second non-stimulant pharmaceutical is formulated for delayed release, providing a subject with reduced symptoms beginning midway through the treatment time course (e.g. beginning at approximately 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours) and lasting for several hours (e.g. 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours). In some embodiments, a second non-stimulant pharmaceutical is formulated for slow release, providing a subject with reduced symptoms (e.g. mild reduction in symptoms) beginning early in the treatment time course (e.g. within 10 minutes, within 30 minutes, within 1 hour) and providing a low dosage released over multiple hours (e.g. 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, etc.). In some embodiments, slow-release or delayed-release of the second non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent extends the effective reduction of ADHD symptoms of the first stimulant pharmaceutical agent, without an increase in dose of the stimulant. In some embodiments, slow-release or delayed-release of the second non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent extends the effective reduction of ADHD symptoms of the first stimulant pharmaceutical agent, using a lower dose of the stimulant. In some embodiments, slow-release or delayed-release of the second non-stimulant pharmaceutical agent extends the effective reduction of ADHD symptoms of the first stimulant pharmaceutical agent, without stimulant-related side effects (e.g. without significant stimulant-related side effects.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise drug-release profiles that achieve release of one or more pharmaceuticals in 1 or more release peaks (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more). In certain embodiments, separate drugs (e.g., stimulant and non-stimulant) within a pharmaceutical formulation produce separate release peaks. In some embodiments, separate drugs (e.g., stimulant and non-stimulant) within a pharmaceutical formulation are released during a single release peak (e.g. immediate release). In some embodiments, a single drug drugs (e.g., stimulant and non-stimulant) within a pharmaceutical formulation is released in two or more separate release peaks (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more). In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is provided that produces 3 release peaks (e.g., 2 stimulant release peaks and 1 non-stimulant release peak). In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is configured for multi-peak release of a single pharmaceutical agent (e.g., stimulant (e.g. Adderal, Focalin, etc.) and/or non-stimulant). In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is configured for multi-peak release of a multiple pharmaceutical agents (e.g., stimulants (e.g. Adderal, Focalin, etc.) and/or non-stimulants).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a controlled sequential release formulation of stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) followed by non-stimulant (e.g., guanfacine) for once daily administration. In some embodiments, one or both of the stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) and non-stimulant therapeutic (e.g., guanfacine) are formulated as a nanoparticulate. In some embodiments, a sequential-release formulation comprises nanoparticulate formulated stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) and non-nanoparticulate formulated non-stimulant therapeutic (e.g., guanfacine). In some embodiments, the non-stimulant therapeutic (e.g., guanfacine) in a controlled sequential release formulation is formulated for delayed release following initial administration (e.g., 1 hour delay . . . 2 hour delay . . . 3 hour delay . . . 4 hour delay . . . 5 hour delay . . . 6 hour delay, etc.). In some embodiments, controlled sequential release formulation provides ultrafast onset of action of nanoparticulate formulated stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) following administration (e.g., <45 minutes, <30 minutes, <20 minutes, <10 minutes, <5 minutes, etc.). In some embodiments, controlled sequential release formulation maintains stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) levels for 4 or more hours (e.g., 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, etc.). In some embodiments, controlled sequential release formulation maintains therapeutic levels of non-stimulant therapeutic (e.g., guanfacine) for over 4 hours following onset of action (e.g., 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, etc.). In some embodiments, controlled sequential release formulation allows for reduction in dose (e.g., 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%) of stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate), non-stimulant (e.g., guanfacine), or both over standard formulations. In some embodiments, lower daily dose of stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) reduces stimulant-associated side effects (e.g., insomnia, appetite suppression, etc.). In some embodiments, reduction in stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) levels 8 hours after administration reduces stimulant-associated side effects (e.g., insomnia, appetite suppression, etc.). In some embodiments, the offsetting action of non-stimulant therapeutic action reduces stimulant-associated side effects (e.g., insomnia, appetite suppression, etc.). In some embodiments, the combination of: lower daily dose of stimulant, reduction in stimulant levels 8 hours after administration, and the offsetting action of non-stimulant therapeutic reduces stimulant-associated side effects (e.g., insomnia, appetite suppression, etc.). In some embodiments, once-daily administration of controlled sequential release formulation of stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) followed by non-stimulant (e.g., guanfacine) reduces potential for abuse because of reduced amount of stimulant in each dose and offsetting action of non-stimulant if crushed and extracted. In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulated stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) is provided as an orally disintegrating tablet.

In some embodiments, co-administration of stimulant (e.g., amphetamine or methylphenidate) and non-stimulant in a controlled sequential release formulation (e.g., stimulant onset of action within 30 minutes and lasting for 8 hours, nonstimulant released at 4 hours and maintaining levels for 7-14 hours) provides a reduction in the daily dose of each of the individual components by 25-75% (e.g., about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%). In some embodiments, nanoparticulate formulation of stimulant provides ultrafast onset of action and further reduction in dose by 10-50% (e.g., about 20%, about 30%, about 40%). In some embodiments, lower daily dose of stimulant and earlier decline in PK (e.g., before evening meal and/or bedtime) reduces stimulant-related side effects (e.g., insomnia, appetite suppression, etc.). In some embodiments, ultrafast onset of stimulant action provides control of symptoms quickly upon administration. In some embodiments, non-stimulant offsets remaining stimulant effect near the end of the day.

G. Pediatric

In some embodiments, the present invention provides combination therapy for the treatment of pediatric ADHD. In some embodiments, the subject being treated is an infant (e.g., <2 years), child (e.g., 2-12 years), or adolescent (e.g., 13-19 years). In some embodiments, the present invention provides timed release co-administration of a first stimulant pharmaceutical (e.g. norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (e.g. amphetamines, methylphenidate, dexmethylphenidat etc.)) with a second non-stimulant pharmaceutical (e.g. alpha adrenergic agonist (e.g. guanfacine, clonidine, etc.)) for the treatment of pediatric ADHD (e.g. patients under 25, under 22, under 18, under 16, etc.). In some embodiments, pediatric patients present difficulties in compliance with scheduled administration of pharmaceutical treatment. In some embodiments, the school day and/or other childhood-related factors (e.g. desire not to take medicine, desire not to take medicine in front of friends, difficulty remembering to take medicine, etc.) makes administration of a single pharmaceutical dose in the morning the preferred method of treatment for increasing therapy compliance. In some embodiments, traditional stimulant therapies require a large dose of stimulant (e.g. >10 mg, >20 mg, >50 mg, etc.) to provide benefit (e.g. reduced ADHD symptoms, including, but not limited to, ease of distraction, loss of attention to details, forgetfulness, loss of focus, boredom, learning disabilities, difficulty completing projects, problems with listening, daydreaming, confusion, slow movement, difficulties processing information, difficulties following instructions, fidgeting, excessive talking, restlessness, excessive motion, impatience, and outbursts) throughout the desired course (e.g. the entire school day, school day plus afterschool activities, >8 hours, >10 hours, >12 hours, etc.). Large doses of stimulant used in traditional stimulant regimes result in significant side effects such as insomnia, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite that carry over into the later part of the day where they become life disruptive for the subject and those around the subject. Insomnia, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite have significant impact on a child's health and quality of life. In some embodiments, the present invention provides time-released co-administration of a stimulant and non-stimulant in a single dose (e.g. a single dose taken at the beginning of the day or before school). In some embodiments, the present invention provides timed release co-administration of a first stimulant pharmaceutical (e.g. norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (e.g. amphetamines (e.g., Adderall), methylphenidate, Focalin, etc.)) with a second non-stimulant pharmaceutical (e.g. alpha adrenergic agonist (e.g. guanfacine, clonidine, etc.)) for full-day treatment of pediatric ADHD (e.g. the entire school day, school day plus afterschool activities, >8 hours, >10 hours, >12 hours, etc.). In some embodiments, co-administration of stimulant and non-stimulant provides extended reduction of symptoms ADHD (e.g. the entire school day, school day plus afterschool activities, >8 hours, >10 hours, >12 hours, etc.) without detrimental side effects (e.g. insomnia, appetite loss, abdominal pain, etc.). In some embodiments, co-administration of stimulant and non-stimulant provides extended reduction of ADHD symptoms without significant detrimental side effects (e.g. insomnia, appetite loss, abdominal pain, etc.). In some embodiments, co-administration of stimulant and non-stimulant provides extended reduction of ADHD symptoms with significantly reduced detrimental side effects (e.g. insomnia, appetite loss, abdominal pain, etc.).

In some embodiments, various embodiments described herein also find use in treatment of adults with ADHD or other conditions. Unless specifically noted otherwise, the compositions and methods described herein are not limited to a particular population.

H. Additional Formulations

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical agents of the present invention contain additional agents to control side effects (e.g. insomnia, appetite loss, abdominal pain, etc.). In some embodiments, peppermint oil is included with a pharmaceutical agent to reduce abdominal pain associated with one or more pharmaceutical agents (e.g. stimulant agent, non-stimulant agent, etc.). In some embodiments, peppermint oil is included with a pharmaceutical agent to reduce abdominal pain associated with high doses of one or more pharmaceutical agents.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions and formulations are provided that lack undesirable salts of other additives (e.g., aspartame, saccharine, etc.). In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions and formulations are provided with 4 or fewer pharmaceutically acceptable salts (e.g., 4, 3, 2, 1, 0).

When used for the above purposes, said pharmaceutical compound may be administered via any desired oral, parenateral, topical, intervenous, transmucosal, and/or inhalation routes. The pharmaceutical compound may be administered in the form of a composition which is formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optional excipients, flavors, adjuvants, etc. in accordance with good pharmaceutical practice.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions in a unit dosage form for administration to a subject, comprising pharmaceutical compounds (e.g. stimulant and non-stimulant) and one or more nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles. The amount of the active ingredients (e.g. stimulant and non-stimulant) that may be combined with such materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon various factors, as indicated above. A variety of materials can be used as carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles in the composition of the invention, as available in the pharmaceutical art.

In some embodiments of the present invention, compositions are administered to a patient alone or in combination with other therapies, pharmaceuticals, supplements, and/or a specified diet, or in pharmaceutical compositions where it is mixed with excipient(s) or other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In one embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is pharmaceutically inert. In another embodiment of the present invention, compositions (e.g. co-administrations of stimulant and non-stimulant) may be administered alone to individuals suffering from ADHD.

Depending on the goal of administration (e.g. severity of condition, duration of treatment, etc.), compositions (e.g. co-administrations of stimulant and non-stimulant) may be formulated and administered systemically or locally. Techniques for formulation and administration may be found in the latest edition of “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” (Mack Publishing Co, Easton Pa.). Suitable routes may, for example, include oral or transmucosal administration; as well as parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intranasal administration.

In some embodiments, compositions (e.g. nanoparticulate drug formulations, co-administrations of stimulant and non-stimulant, etc.) are in the form of a solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage form: such as tablet, capsule, orally-disintegrating tablets, pill, powder, suppository, solution, elixir, syrup, suspension, cream, lozenge, paste and spray containing the first and second agents formulated appropriately to provide the desired time-release profile. As those skilled in the art would recognize, depending on the chosen route of administration, the composition form is selected.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition (e.g., nanoparticulate, multiple co-administered compounds, etc.) are administered in single or multiple doses. In preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compound is administered in a single dose. In some embodiments, a single oral pill or capsule is provided containing the first and second agents. In some preferred embodiments, a capsule is used containing the first agent in a form that permits early release and the second agent in a form that permits later release. The particular route of administration and the dosage regimen will be determined by one of skill, in keeping with the condition of the individual to be treated and said individual's response to the treatment. In some embodiments, a single oral pill or capsule is provided containing a nanoparticulate formulation of one or more therapeutic agents (e.g., a stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.).

In some embodiments, substituents of a composition of the present invention may be adjusted to provide desirable solubility or other characteristics for administration by any suitable technique.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides nanoparticulate formulations of pharmaceutical agents (e.g., a stimulant (e.g., Adderall, Focalin, etc.)) for treatment of ADHD. Some embodiments of the present invention (e.g., co-administration, nanoparticulate formulation, etc.) provide enhanced benefit at a standard does, reduced side effects at a standard does (e.g., 10 mg Adderall, 1 mg guanfacine, etc.), standard benefit at a reduced does (e.g., with reduced side effects due to reduced dose), enhanced benefit at a reduced does (e.g., with reduced side effects due to reduced dose), etc.

EXPERIMENTAL Example 1 ADHD Co-Administration Regimen

Patient dosing is determined on an individual patient basis taking into account the age, size, and weight of the patient; severity of the condition; and empirical response to the treatment. Exemplary stimulant and non-stimulant dose and time-release regimens within the scope of the present invention are provided below. The doses in the following regimens are determined to be subtherapeutic based on a once-daily 20 mg therapeutic dose of Adderall XR. One of skill in the art would understand that the co-administration therapy can be altered, for general practice or for specific patients, in terms of dose, timing of release, and rate of release for either agent. The following dose regimens are contemplated to produce therapeutic effect with reduced side effects.

Exemplary Regimen A.

Patient is administered 10 mg of amphetamine salts (e.g. Dexamphetamine) and 1 mg guanfacine in a single dose in the early part of the day (e.g. morning). The amphetamine salts are formulated for immediate release, and the guanfacine is formulated for delayed release. Although the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention, it is contemplated that in this configuration the Dexamphetamine provides a rapid reduction in symptoms continuing through the early hours of the time-course (e.g. morning), and the guanfacine extends the reduction of symptoms throughout the later portion of the time course (e.g. afternoon); therefore, the combination reduces symptoms over the entire time-course with reduced side effects caused by multiple doses.

Exemplary Regimen B.

Patient is administered 9 mg of amphetamine salts (e.g. Dexamphetamine) and 0.9 mg guanfacine (10% reduction in total daily dose) in a single dose in the early part of the day (e.g. morning). The amphetamine salts are formulated for immediate release over approximately 5 hours, and the guanfacine is formulated for release beginning after a 4 hours and continuing for approximately 5 hours. Although the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention, it is contemplated that in this configuration the Dexamphetamine provides a rapid reduction in symptoms continuing through the early hours of the time-course (e.g. morning), and the guanfacine extends the reduction of symptoms throughout the later portion of the time course (e.g. afternoon).

Exemplary Regimen C.

Patient is administered 9 mg of amphetamine salts (e.g. Dexamphetamine) and 0.9 mg guanfacine (10% reduction in total daily dose) in a single dose in the early part of the day (e.g. morning). The amphetamine salts are formulated for release by two separate mechanisms. 5 mg are formulated for immediate release. 4 mg are coated for enteric release (e.g. release after approximately 4 hours). The guanfacine is formulated for release beginning after 4 hours and continuing for approximately 5 hours. Although the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention, it is contemplated that in this configuration the Dexamphetamine provides a rapid reduction in symptoms continuing through the early hours of the time-course, which is supplemented by the enteric release several hours later. The guanfacine extends the reduction of symptoms throughout the later portion of the time course (e.g. afternoon) without undesired side effects.

Exemplary Regimen D.

Patient is administered 9 mg of amphetamine salts (e.g. Dexamphetamine) and 0.9 mg guanfacine (10% reduction in total daily dose) in a single dose in the early part of the day (e.g. morning). The amphetamine salts are formulated for release by two separate mechanisms. 5 mg are formulated for immediate release. 4 mg are coated for enteric release (e.g. release after approximately 4 hours). The guanfacine is coated for enteric release beginning after approximately 4 hours and formulated for slow release continuing over the course of several hours (e.g. 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, etc.). Although the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention, it is contemplated that in this configuration the Dexamphetamine provides a rapid reduction in symptoms continuing through the early hours of the time-course, which is supplemented by the enteric release several hours later. The guanfacine extends the reduction of symptoms throughout the late portion of the time course without undesired side effects.

In any of the above regimens, peppermint oil may be included in the formulation, either as immediate release, or, for example, may be enterically coated (e.g., alone with other components) for immediate release after several hours to target both the timing and location of abdominal pain side effects associated with some therapeutic agents.

In should be noted that the above treatment regimens are not limiting on the scope of the present invention. These treatment regiments can be altered to include other pharmaceuticals, other formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate, non-nanoparticulate, enteric coating, delayed release, immediate release, combinations thereof, etc.), other doses, additional doses, etc. It is understood by one in the field that analogous dosing regimens can be provided for other pharmaceuticals, based on conventional therapeutic doses for the pharmaceuticals and using the same reasoning as is applied in the examples.

Example 2 Nanoparticulate Formulation Dosing

Exemplary stimulant and/or non-stimulant dose and time-release regimens, for use with nanoparticulate formulation, within the scope of the present invention is provided below. One of skill in the art would understand that the regimens can be altered, for general practice or for specific patients, in terms of dose, formulation, combinations, timing of release, and rate of release for one or more agents.

Exemplary Regimen A.

Patient is administered 10 mg of a nanoparticulate formulation of amphetamine salts (e.g. Dexamphetamine) in a single dose in the early part of the day (e.g. morning). The amphetamine salts are formulated for immediate release over approximately 5 hours. Although the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention, it is contemplated that in this configuration the nanoparticulate formulation provides enhanced bioavailability of Dexamphetamine, thereby allowing a reduced dose, resulting in reduce side effects.

Exemplary Regimen B.

Patient is administered 6 mg of a nanoparticulate formulation of amphetamine salts (e.g. Dexamphetamine) and 0.9 mg guanfacine (10% reduction in total daily dose) in a single dose in the early part of the day (e.g. morning). The amphetamine salts are formulated for immediate release over approximately 5 hours, and the guanfacine is formulated for release beginning after a 4 hours and continuing for approximately 5 hours. Although the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention, it is contemplated that in this configuration the nanoparticulate formulation of Dexamphetamine provides a rapid reduction in symptoms, at a reduced dosage, continuing through the early hours of the time-course (e.g. morning), and the guanfacine extends the reduction of symptoms throughout the later portion of the time course (e.g. afternoon).

Exemplary Regimen C.

Patient is administered 9 mg of a nanoparticulate formulation of amphetamine salts (e.g. Dexamphetamine) in a single dose in the early part of the day (e.g. morning). The nanoparticulate amphetamine salts are formulated for release by two separate mechanisms. 5 mg are formulated for immediate release. 4 mg are coated for enteric release (e.g. release after approximately 4 hours). The guanfacine is formulated for release beginning after 4 hours and continuing for approximately 5 hours. Although the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention, it is contemplated that in this configuration the Dexamphetamine provides a rapid reduction in symptoms continuing through the early hours of the time-course, which is supplemented by the enteric release several hours later. It is contemplated that in this configuration the nanoparticulate formulation provides enhanced bioavailability of Dexamphetamine, thereby allowing a reduced dose, resulting in reduce side effects.

Exemplary Regimen D.

Patient is administered 6 mg of a nanoparticulate formulation of amphetamine salts amphetamine salts (e.g. Dexamphetamine) and 0.6 mg a nanoparticulate formulation of guanfacine in a single dose in the early part of the day (e.g. morning). The nanoparticulate amphetamine salts are formulated for release by two separate mechanisms. 3.5 mg are formulated for immediate release. 2.5 mg are coated for enteric release (e.g. release after approximately 4 hours). The nanoparticulate guanfacine is formulated for release beginning after 4 hours and continuing for approximately 5 hours. Although the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention, it is contemplated that in this configuration the Dexamphetamine provides a rapid reduction in symptoms continuing through the early hours of the time-course, which is supplemented by the enteric release several hours later. The guanfacine extends the reduction of symptoms throughout the later portion of the time course (e.g. afternoon) without undesired side effects. It is contemplated that in this configuration the nanoparticulate formulation provides enhanced bioavailability, thereby allowing a reduced dose, resulting in reduce side effects.

Exemplary Regimen E.

Patient is administered 7 mg of a nanoparticulate formulation of amphetamine salts (e.g. Dexamphetamine) and 0.7 mg of a nanoparticulate formulation of guanfacine (10% reduction in total daily dose) in a single dose in the early part of the day (e.g. morning). The nanoparticulate amphetamine salts are formulated for release by two separate mechanisms. 4 mg are formulated for immediate release. 3 mg are coated for enteric release (e.g. release after approximately 4 hours). The guanfacine is coated for enteric release beginning after approximately 4 hours and formulated for slow release continuing over the course of several hours (e.g. 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, etc.). Although the present invention is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention, it is contemplated that in this configuration the Dexamphetamine provides a rapid reduction in symptoms continuing through the early hours of the time-course, which is supplemented by the enteric release several hours later. The guanfacine extends the reduction of symptoms throughout the late portion of the time course without undesired side effects. It is contemplated that in this configuration the nanoparticulate formulation provides enhanced bioavailability, thereby allowing a reduced dose, resulting in reduce side effects.

In any of the above regimens, peppermint oil may be included in the formulation, either as immediate release, or, for example, may be enterically coated (e.g., alone with other components) for immediate release after several hours to target both the timing and location of abdominal pain side effects associated with some therapeutic agents.

In should be noted that the above treatment regimens are not limiting on the scope of the present invention. These treatment regiments can be altered to include other pharmaceuticals, other formulations (e.g., non-nanoparticulate, enteric coating, delayed release, immediate release, combinations thereof, etc.), other doses, additional doses, etc.

Example 3 Deterrent of Abuse

Stimulants, such as amphetamines and methylphenidate, are widely abused as prescription products. The stimulants elevate the levels of dopamine as well as nor-epinephrine. Non-stimulants on the other hand act only by increasing the levels of nor-epinephrine. Drugs that elevate dopamine (e.g. amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine) make people euphoric. Due to this pharmacologic effect, stimulant drugs are abused whereas non-stimulant drugs typically are not. According to the National Institutes on Drug Abuse (part of the NIH) stimulants are abused for both “performance enhancement” and recreational purposes. For the former, they suppress appetite and facilitate weight loss. The euphoric effects of stimulants usually occur when they are crushed and then snorted or injected. Some abusers dissolve the tablets in water and inject the mixture.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compositions, systems, and methods to deter the abuse of stimulant drugs in the treatment of ADHD. In some embodiments, the present invention provides compositions and methods to deter subjects from taking unadvisable, off-prescription, and/or unintended dosages of pharmaceuticals of the present invention. In some embodiments, the present invention provides compositions and methods to deter subjects from taking and/or administering pharmaceuticals of the present invention via unintended, off-prescription, and/or unadvisable routes (e.g. intravenously, snorting, etc.). In some embodiments, the present invention includes an abuse deterrent formulation for reducing the potential for one or more of a) parenteral abuse, b) inhalation (e.g., intranasal abuse), and/or c) oral abuse of a drug, for satisfaction of a physical or psychological dependence. In some embodiments, the invention comprises combining stimulant and non-stimulant drugs in a once daily dosing regimen, where the stimulant dose is reduced (e.g. reduced by 10-50%). In some embodiments, the invention provides stimulant and non-stimulant drugs in a tamper resistant formulation wherein the stimulant is combined with a polymer (e.g. polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, carbomers, other such pharmaceutical agents, etc.) or suitable pharmaceutical excipients to form a matrix that will make it difficult for a person to abuse by dissolving the dosage form in water or solvent and or snorting or injecting the solution. In some embodiments, the invention provides stimulant and non-stimulant drugs combined with an irritant. In some embodiments, reduction of stimulant dose, combination with an irritant, a formulation that is difficult to tamper with, or a combination thereof provides a deterrent to abuse of compositions of the present invention.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a surfactant present in sufficient amount to cause nasal irritation. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises an inert excipient in sufficient amount to cause emesis if greater than a prescribed amount included in the therapeutic composition is ingested. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises an emetic in sufficient amount to cause emesis if greater than a prescribed amount of the analgesic included in the therapeutic composition is ingested. In some embodiments, the amount of emetic present in a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be tied directly to the amount of drug in the pharmaceutical composition. Thus, by controlling the quantity of the emetic compound in the pharmaceutical composition, emesis can be avoided if normal prescription directions are followed. However, if an overdosage occurs by ingesting more than a prescribed quantity of a drug in a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, the amount of ingested emetic can exceed the threshold amount necessary to induce emesis.

In some embodiments, the present invention deters inhalation abuse by providing a pharmaceutical composition which includes one or more mucous membrane, mucosa or mucosal tissue irritants (collectively referred to as mucous membrane irritants). In one embodiment, suitable mucous membrane irritants and/or nasal passageway tissue irritants include compounds that are generally considered pharmaceutically inert, yet can induce irritation. Such compounds include, but are not limited to surfactants. In some embodiments, suitable surfactants include sodium lauryl sulfate, poloxamer, sorbitan monoesters, glyceryl monooleates, etc. Other suitable compounds are believed to be within the knowledge of a practitioner skilled in the relevant art, and can be found in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 4th Ed. (2003), the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, two or more of the abuse deterrents can be combined into one composition according to the present invention.

In some embodiments, the present invention incorporates or applies abuse deterrent compositions, dosages, and methods known in the art (U.S. Pat. No. 7,510,726; U.S. Pat. No. 7,476,402; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). In some embodiments, the abuse deterrent compositions and methods described herein find use with any embodiments of the present invention.

Example 4 Nanoparticulate Formulation

In some embodiments, experiments were performed during development of embodiments of the present invention to produce nanoparticles comprising pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., mixture of amphetamines) with a reduced particle size distribution. Experiments were conducted to decrease the particle size of an amphetamine mixture to a median size below 400 nm. A milling procedure, in which active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), were milled together to produce nanoparticles, was used. Successfully milled API was be loaded into hard gelatin capsules for use in a non-GLP in vivo study to compare pharmacokinetics to the commercially available dosage form. The amphetamine milled was a 3:1 D:L mixture of amphetamine isomers, obtained by preparing a 1:1 mixture of amphetamine and the racemic mixture dextroamphetamine. The sulfate salt of each API was used for the project sourced from Johnson-Matthey Plc.

The inherent water solubility of the two amphetamine salts necessitated milling in non-aqueous vehicles. Vehicles were identified that exhibited: 1) minimal solvency for the APIs, and 2) sufficient volatility to allow for their removal to yield a dry powder of the milled material. Based on these criteria: ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, hexanes, and cyclomethicone were identified as potential milling vehicles.

The initial particle size distribution of the mixture was measured using a Horiba LA-950V2 with a median size of approximately 32 μm (SEE FIG. 1). Suspensions at 5% of the 1:1 mixture of amphetamine salts in each of the identified vehicles were made, and roller milled in 20 mL glass vials using 0.5 mm YTZ milling media. The vials were rolled on a US Stoneware laboratory roller mill with particle size measured after four and 16 hours of milling. No additives or dispersants were used in these initial trials so as not to complicate drying and recovery as to calculation of yield.

Microscopic analysis revealed that the milling procedure resulted in a size reduction in all milling vehicles, though this was not indicated in the PSD measurements using the Horiba due to agglomeration of the milled particles. Additional measurements were made adding 0.1% oleic acid as a dispersant to the cyclohexane used as diluent for the measurement, resulting smaller sizes, though still not representative to that seen microscopically (See Table 1).

TABLE 1 Roller Milling Results Median Particle Size [μ] Roller Milling PSD 0.1% Oleic PSD in acid in Cyclohexane Cyclohexane 24 hr w/ Solvent 4 hr 16 hr 16 hr 24 hr 30 min sonic Ethyl Acetate 21.3 26.4  8.7 21.1 10.4 (300 nm) Methylene 33.7 45.9 12.8 23.6  8.7 Chloride Hexane 13.5 No signal No signal  4.1 N/A Cyclomethicone 31.9 17.4  8.2 10.9 18.1 (300 nm) Sonication was applied to the preparations which reduced size further, though not be representative of actual primary particle size observed microscopically.

Hexanes presented a particular issue in that the API particles appeared to fuse/heavily agglomerate to the media resulting in a lack of measurable particles, and further work was discontinued using this vehicle. Some samples did exhibit evidence of a bimodal distribution with a population at the target range (values in parenthesis in Table 1).

To speed the rate of milling, the ethyl acetate and methylene chloride samples were transferred to spindle milling. In spindle milling, the media is stirred rather than depending on gravity to move the media as in roller milling, allowing input of a higher level of energy to the grinding. Some additional particle size reduction was found after two hours of spindle milling, though still not judged representative of that observed microscopically. In effort to disperse the observed agglomerates, a higher level of 0.5% oleic acid was tried for the PSD preparation diluent, but did not provide appreciably better results (See Table 2). Graying of the samples was also observed likely due to abrasion of the stainless steel spindle, so this approach was not pursued further.

TABLE 2 Spindle Milling Results Median Particle Size [μ] Spindle Milling PSD 0.1% Oleic PSD 0.5% Oleic acid in Cyclohexane acid in Cyclohexane 2 hr w/ 2 hr w/ Solvent 2 hr 5 min sonication 5 min sonication Ethyl Acetate 10.4 11.1  8.9 Methylene 17.6 11.6 10.5 Chloride

To determine if the cause of agglomeration was caused by overgrinding, an investigation was started to determine particle size versus milling time. Roller milling in ethyl acetate with no milling aid or dispersant was used, with particle size measured at initial and 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes. From these results, the progression of particle size reduction was as desired and evidence of overgrinding was not observed (SEE FIGS. 2-11).

Experiments conducted during development of embodiments of the present invention indicated that APIs were milling well, but could not be dispersed well enough to accurately measure the primary particle size. Alternate dispersants were investigated to overcome this difficulty. Sedefos75 (Gattefosse) was identified to provide good dispersion of the milled APIs for particle size measurement (SEE FIGS. 12 and 13). However, the Sedefos was also found to form micelles in ethyl acetate of similar size, especially in the presence of trace water in the ethyl acetate, leading to uncertainty of the accuracy of the measurement. During investigations, anhydrous ethanol was found to disperse the APIs well without the addition of any dispersant, and a milling trial was performed giving a median size of 200 nm after 40 hr of milling, measured without the addition of any dispersant (SEE FIGS. 14 and 15). The milling was performed at a loading of 5% of the amphetamine mixture in the ethanol.

Upon successfully milling the amphetamines, experiments were conducted to determine an appropriate drying procedure to maintain the milled particle size. This was tested by redispersing in ethanol and measuring the resultant particle size. First, ethanol was dried off under vacuum, though this resulted in irreversible particle size growth even with sonification to disperse the particles (SEE FIG. 16). It was next attempted to lyophilize the milled dispersion. Lyophilization of the straight suspension was also found to cause an increase in particle size. However, the addition of 1% PVP K-29/32 to the milled suspension as a cryoprotectant was found to adequately maintain particle size. A second larger batch was milled to be used to produce the test article capsules. This batch required 52 hr of milling to eliminate the tail of larger sized particles. Upon completion of the milling, the suspension was harvested and modified with the addition of the PVP K-29/32. The suspension was lyophilized at −45° C./0.1 torr with a cycle time of approximately 17 hr. Post-lyophilized particle size was measured and found to be similar to the pre-lyophilized size (SEE FIG. 17).

Twenty size 000 hard gelatin capsules were filled by hand on a 5-place analytical balance to a target fill of 11.3-11.5 mg. This target fill weight is the calculated equivalent of 6.3 mg of amphetamine in the free base form (See Table 3)

TABLE 3 Calculation of Free-Base Equivalent Yield from Total Cake Weight 555 mg Lyophilization PVP added pre lyophilization 135 mg AMP sulfate wt. in cake 420 mg Free base calculation AMP sulfate mw 368.49 AMP mw 135.2 Salt is 2 AMP:1 H2SO4 270.4/368.49 % free-base in salt 73.38% Free-base target 6.3 mg free-base per capsule Salt equivalent  6.3 mg/0.7338 8.59 mg salt Salt % less PVP  420 mg/555 mg 75.68% Fill wt. 8.59 mg/0.7568 11.35 mg salt + PVP

Example 5 Bioanalysis of Nanoparticulates Administered to Subjects

A LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of both l-amphetamine and d-amphetamine in mini-pig plasma (sodium heparin) using (d, l)-amphetamine-d6 as an internal standard. Sample volume used was 100 μL of mini-pig plasma, with any necessary dilutions performed in blank mini-pig plasma prior to extraction. Sample clean-up consisted of a liquid-liquid extraction of analyte into methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), followed by evaporation of the organic, and reconstitution in mobile phase. The d- and l-isomers of amphetamine were separated by liquid chromatography on a Chiral-CBH column from Chiral Technologies. An isocratic gradient using a mobile phase consisting of 6% acetonitrile in 10 mM ammonium acetate and 50 μm EDTA at 220 μL/min was used to separate lamphetamine and d-amphetamine, with retention times of approximately 3.6 and 4.6 minutes, respectively, with a total run time of 10 minutes. A calibration curve was prepared by spiking test compound into blank mini-pig plasma with a range from 0.5 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL. timepoints were taken at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes 1 hour, 1.5 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, and 24 hours. Date indicated that plasma concentrations of d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine in pig plasma peaked prior to the 15 minute timepoint and were being cleared over the first several time-points (e.g., 1.5 hours). For pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis, the drug had lower plasma concentrations for both the d- and 1-forms of amphetamine. The corresponding PK parameters also reflect this difference in lower AUC. PK analysis demonstrated that both the d- and 1-forms of amphetamine were rapidly cleared, and indicated that the peak concentration in plasma occurred prior to the 15 minute time-point. Such rapid clearance was unexpected.

Example 6 Dose-Normalized PK Analysis

Capsule analysis was performed on the dosing capsules used for the PK analysis described in Example 5. Capsule analysis revealed that the dosing capsule contained an average of 0.705 mg of total amphetamine fee base. This corresponds to 0.962 mg of total amphetamine sulfate. Collection of time points at earlier intervals (e.g., 1 min., 5 min., etc.) may reveal earlier and higher PK and resultant higher bioavailability. For an accurate comparison with the Adderall, the PK parameters for C_(max) and AUC were dose-normalized (See Tables 4-7).

TABLE 4 Normalized PK Analysis of d-Amphetamine from 10 mg Innovator Dose 10 mg oral innovator dose, Leg 1, d-amphetamine Pig ID # Time (hr) 151 152 153 154 155 156 AVG SD 0 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND 0.25 BLQ 1.93 4.97 BLQ 5.64 3.93 4.12 1.62 0.5 BLQ 2.07 3.60 1.60 4.29 3.08 2.93 1.10 1 0.611 2.09 2.85 2.10 3.30 2.97 2.32 0.968 1.5 BLQ 1.77 2.36 1.77 2.23 2.80 2.19 0.435 3 BLQ 0.583 1.91 0.802 2.23 2.00 1.51 0.755 6 BLQ BLQ 0.595 BLQ 0.779 BLQ 0.687 ND 8 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND 24 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND Animal 18.8 19.3 16.5 19.7 20.0 19.5 19.0 1.27 Weight (kg) Amount 10 10 10 10 10 10 n/a n/a dosed (mg) C_(max) (ng/mL) 0.611 2.09 4.97 2.10 5.64 3.93 3.22 1.94 t_(max) (hr) 1 1 0.25 1 0.25 0.25 0.625 0.411 T_(1/2) (hr) n/a 1.05 2.22 1.41 2.62 3.40 2.14 0.941 AUC_(last) 0.153 4.51 11.6 4.02 13.1 7.92 6.88 4.92 (hr · ng/mL) AUC_(inf) n/a 5.39 13.5 5.65 16.0 17.7 11.6 5.79 (hr · ng/mL) *The amount of total free base amphetamine detected in the capsule was 0.705 mg which corresponds to 0.962 mg of amphetamine sulfate.

TABLE 5 Normalized PK Analysis of l-Amphetamine from 10 mg Innovator Dose 10 mg oral innovator dose, Leg 1, l-amphetamine Pig ID # Time (hr) 151 152 153 154 155 156 AVG SD 0 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND 0.25 BLQ 0.792 1.64 BLQ 1.64 1.30 1.34 0.401 0.5 BLQ BLQ 1.16 0.515 1.26 0.787 0.931 0.344 1 BLQ 0.727 0.788 0.585 0.961 0.995 0.811 0.170 1.5 BLQ 0.52 0.753 BLQ 0.704 0.796 0.693 0.121 3 BLQ BLQ 0.523 BLQ 0.672 BLQ 0.598 ND 6 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND 8 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND 24 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND Animal 18.2 19.3 16.5 19.7 20.0 19.5 19.0 1.27 Weight (kg) Amount 10 10 10 10 10 10 n/a n/a dosed (mg) C_(max) (ng/mL) n/a 0.792 1.64 0.585 1.64 1.30 1.19 0.489 t_(max) (hr) n/a 0.25 0.25 1 0.25 0.25 0.400 0.335 T_(1/2) (hr) n/a n/a 3.24 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a AUC_(last) n/a 0.692 2.38 0.339 2.57 1.32 1.46 0.993 (hr · ng/mL) AUC_(inf) n/a n/a 4.83 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a (hr · ng/mL) *The amount of total free base amphetamine detected in the capsule was 0.705 mg which corresponds to 0.962 mg of amphetamine sulfate.

TABLE 6 Normalized PK Analysis of d-Amphetamine from 10 mg Adderall 10 mg oral Adderall dose, Leg 2, d-amphetamine Pig ID # Time (hr) 151 152 153 154 155 156 AVG SD 0 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND 0.25 6.80 23.7 3.66 2.99 BLQ 9.97 9.42 8.45 0.5 7.54 58.1 9.10 4.15 7.99 38.1 20.8 22.1 1 13.2 23.2 21.7 15.4 15.3 18.7 17.9 3.96 1.5 11.0 21.8 21.4 13.5 11.7 18.0 16.2 4.82 3 8.45 15.4 18.3 9.11 9.07 12.6 12.2 4.03 6 2.35 4.07 8.26 2.36 1.58 4.13 3.79 2.42 8 0.853 1.73 3.08 1.37 0.931 1.60 1.59 0.808 24 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND Animal 19.3 19.5 21.8 21.2 20.3 20.2 20.4 0.966 Weight (kg) Amount 10 10 10 10 10 10 n/a n/a dosed (mg) C_(max) (ng/mL) 13.2 52.1 21.7 15.4 15.3 38.1 27.0 17.8 t_(max) (hr) 1 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 0.833 0.258 T_(1/2) (hr) 1.52 1.58 1.99 1.88 1.64 1.69 1.72 0.182 AUC_(last) 47.9 108 101 51.3 47.6 84.4 73.4 27.9 (hr · ng/mL) AUC_(inf) 49.7 112 110 55.0 49.8 88.3 77.5 29.7 (hr · ng/mL)

TABLE 7 Normalized PK Analysis of 1-Amphetamine from 10 mg Adderall Pig D # Time (km) 151 152 153 154 155 156 AVG SD 0 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND 0.25 1.94 6.33 1.06 0.83 BLQ 2.5 2.55 2.23 0.5 2.13 15.2 2.49 1.06 2.18 11.0 5.68 5.92 1 3.30 6.24 4.78 3.56 3.29 4.98 4.36 0.18 1.5 2.62 5.14 4.89 3.28 0.25 4.77 3.83 0.26 3 1.96 3.53 4.05 2.21 1.52 1.99 2.76 0.910 6 BLQ 0.831 1.46 0.617 BLQ 1.05 0.903 0.360 8 BLQ BLQ 0.585 BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND 24 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ ND ND Animal 19.3 19.5 21.8 21.2 20.3 20.2 20.4 0.966 Weight (kg) Amount 10 10 10 10 10 10 n/a n/a dosed (mg) C_(max) (ng/mL) 3.30 15.2 4.80 3.56 3.29 11.5 6.87 5.04 t_(max) (hr) 1 0.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.917 0.376 T_(1/2) (hr) 2.83 1.67 1.53 1.83 n/a 2.05 2.04 0.463 AUC_(last) 7.02 24.7 21.8 11.6 6.08 20.3 153 8.04 (hr · ng/mL) AUC_(inf) 15.0 26.7 23.4 13.2 n/a 23.4 20.3 5.89 (hr · ng/mL) D can also be represented by normalizing the nanoparticle formulation (innovator data) rather than revising the Adderall data (See Tables 8-9).

TABLE 8 Un-normalized PK data d-amphetamine l-amphetamine time Innovator Adderall time Innovator Adderall 0 ND ND 0 ND ND 0.25 4.12 9.42 0.25 1.34  2.55  0.5 2.93 20.8 0.5 0.931 5.68  1 2.32 17.9 1 0.811 4.36  1.5 2.19 16.2 1.5 0.693 3.83  3 1.51 12.2 3 0.598 2.76  6 0.687 3.79 6 ND 0.990 8 ND 1.59 8 ND ND 24 ND ND 24 ND ND

TABLE 9 Normalized PK data (scaling of nanoparticle formulation data) d-amphetamine l-amphetamine time Innovator Adderall time Innovator Adderall 0 ND ND 0 ND ND 0.25 42.8 9.42 0.25 14.0 2.55  0.5 30.4 20.8 0.5 9.67 5.68  1 24.1 17.9 1 8.43 4.36  1.5 22.7 16.2 1.5 7.21 3.83  3 15.6 12.2 3 6.21 2.76  6 7.14 3.79 5 ND 0.990 8 ND 1.59 6 ND ND 24 ND ND 24 ND ND

The capsule analysis data indicate that the actual dose used in the experiments described in Example 5 was 1/10 of the labeled dose of amphetamine. The revised data indicate that the nanoparticulate amphetamine has a higher cmax (3.35 ng/ml vs 2.70 ng/ml for Adderall), as well as a very fast onset of absorption (Table 4 and 6). These data indicate that there is no degradation of amphetamine in the nanoparticulate formulation, and lower content detected in initial data analysis was due to content non-uniformity of powder. These data also indicate that the bioavailability of nanoparticle formulation of amphetamine sulphate is higher than currently FDA-approved formulation of Adderall, and that improved bioavailable nanoparticle formulation can be used in combination with non-stimulants. The data indicate the usefulness of nanoparticulate formulations for: immediate release stimulant (e.g., amphetamine), lower dose and comparable efficacy to non-nanoparticulate formulation, orally disintegrating tablet formulation providing rapid drug release through the oral mucosa, fast onset dose (e.g., when fast onset is desired, in addition to current therapy where control of ADHD may not be sufficient, etc.), coadministration with a suitable slow release component (e.g., to provide immediate and prolonged treatment), rapid-release formulations (e.g., 15-30 minutes), etc.

Example 7 Safety and Efficacy of a Once Daily Fixed Dose Sequential Release Formulation of Stimulant Followed by Non-Stimulant

Experiments are contemplated to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a once-daily fixed-dose sequential-release formulation of stimulant (amphetamine) and non-stimulant (guanfacine) compared to placebo in children ages 6-14. Experiments test suitability of the once-daily fixedose sequential-release formulation of stimulant followed by non-stimulant to address the challenges with current therapies. The effectiveness & safety of a test formulation in which the daily dose of the stimulant is significantly reduced and released early in the day only, followed by lower dose of non-stimulant released to provide coverage for the latter half of the day will be assessed. Due to the fast elimination of stimulants, the drug levels of stimulant in the test formulation towards the end of the day will be extremely low compared to all once daily drugs currently on the market.

Experiments are performed in a randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, forced dose titration in which children (ages 6-12 years) with ADHD will be randomized to once-daily fixed-dose sequential-release formulation (amphetamine immediate release nanoparticles+guanfacine delayed release: 5+1 mg, 10+2 mg or 15+3 mg) or placebo for four weeks of double-blind evaluation of safety and efficacy. Subjects will be screened to establish eligibility for study participation. Subjects meeting eligibility requirements will undergo medication washout, if applicable, for 7-28 days. Following washout, subjects will return to the clinic for reassessment of eligibility criteria and establishment of baseline measures. Eligible subjects with baseline ADHD-RS score greater than or equal to 28 will be randomized to treatment. Eligible subjects will be randomly assigned (in a 2:2:2:1 ratio of each of the three doses vs. placebo) to a daily morning dose of once-daily fixed-dose sequential-release formulation or placebo for 4 weeks. Once-daily fixed-dose sequential-release formulation groups will start with a dose of 5+1 mg/day. Subjects randomized to 15+3 mg will be titrated to that dose over a 2 week period; those randomized to 10+2 mg will be titrated that dose over a 1 week period; and those randomized to 5+1 mg will begin dosing on the 5+1 mg per day during week 1 and will remain on that dose throughout the study. Double-blind assessment of the safety and efficacy of the New Formulation will proceed for 4 weeks with weekly clinic visits schedule for evaluations and medication disbursements. Subjects who have completed at least 2 weeks of double-blind participation will have the option to continue participation in an open label extension study. Subjects who are not eligible or who choose not to participate in the extension study will continue to be followed for 30 days following their last dose of study drug.

In some embodiments, Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) improvements will be measured for the trial using Child Health & Ilness Profile (CHIP) to assess HRQL Total Global Score of the CHIP will be an outcome measure.

Additional studies are contemplated according to the above protocol or altered protocols using different combinations of stimulant (e.g., amphetamine (e.g., Adderall, Adderal XR, Adderal IR, etc.), methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin, Methylin, Ritalin SR, Metadate ER, Methylin, Methylin ER, Concerta, Metadate CD, Ritalin LA, etc.), dexmethylphanidate (e.g., Focalin), lisdexamfetamine (e.g., Vyvanse), etc.) and non-stimulant (e.g., Atomoxetine, Guanfacine, and Clonidine), different dosages, different time-release profiles (e.g., slow release, immediate release, delayed release, single peak release, multi-peak release, etc.), different formulations (e.g., nanoparticulate formulation, non-nanoparticulate, etc.), etc.

Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention that are obvious to those skilled in the relevant fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating ADHD in a subject having a disorder that may cause tics, the method comprising: administering to the subject a once daily dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) dexamphetamine nanoparticulate formulated for rapid release and rapid onset of therapeutic action; and b) guanfacine; wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for sequential release of the dexamphetamine and the guanfacine.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated such that the pharmaceutical composition provides a reduction in side effects compared to a therapeutic once-daily dose of 10 mg of said dexamphetamine administered alone.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said reduction in side effects comprises reduction in tics.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said reduction in side effects further comprises reduction in one or more of appetite suppression, insomnia, and gastrointestinal pain.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for sequential release of the dexamphetamine between 0.15 hours or less and 2 hours and guanfacine between 3 and 12 hours.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the guanfacine is coated for enteric release.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises 20 mg or less of dexamphetamine.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 10 mg of dexamphetamine.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises 1.5 mg or less of the guanfacine.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1 mg of the guanfacine.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises l-amphetamine formulated for release with the dexamphetamine.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises peppermint oil.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said nanoparticulate formulated dexamphetamine has particles with a mean diameter between 100-500 nm.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is formulated to provide a peak blood concentration of said dexamphetamine in less than 15 minutes after administration.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said pharmaceutical composition further comprises an agent to deter abuse of said pharmaceutical composition.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is provided in a once-daily dosage as a tablet, capsule, orally-disintegrating tablets, pill, powder, elixir, syrup, suspension, lozenge, or spray.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a human child under the age of
 18. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a human adult.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said administration produces three release peaks in the plasma of said subject.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein said three release peaks are two dexamphetamine peaks and one guanfacine peak.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein said dexamphetamine nanoparticulate formulated for rapid release and rapid onset of therapeutic action is prepared by a method comprising milling said dexamphetamine in ethanol to produce a dry powder nanoparticulate dexamphetamine. 